Bioacoustics of Physalaemus maculiventris

Call A ( Fig. 5 A–D and 4B). We examined two recordings, a total of six minutes, with ca . 400 calls from four males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2 ). Call duration varies from 0.172 to 0.260 s . The rise of the call is longer than the fall; the amplitude peak is approximately at the end of the first three fourths of the call duration. Since both rise and fall are relatively similar in slope and not too different in duration, the envelope of the call is fairly elliptic ( Fig. 5A, C ). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 24 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a subtle PAM (there is no silence interval between peaks; Fig. 5C ). The rate of the PAM is ca. 39 Hz, forming ca. six amplitude peaks throughout the call. The call is composed of usually clear harmonics ( Fig. 4B ), however, eventual decreases of the wave periodicity make the harmonics less clear. The fundamental frequency is approximately 220 Hz and it can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The dominant frequency varies from ca . 820 to 1510 Hz ( Fig. 5B, D ). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the sixth, but it is usually the fifth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 700 and 1500 Hz (often comprising five harmonics). The frequency bands have a general upward FM throughout the call with a rapid up-downward FM at the beginning forming arc-shaped bands in this part of the call and a short downward-FM segment at the end ( Fig. 5B ). There are irregular PFM segments throughout the entire call; these segments are usually synchronic and directly proportional to the PAM ( Fig. 5D ). Species Call Type Call Duration (s) Cycle or Pulse Duration (s) Cycle or Pulse Interval (s) Cycle or Pulse Rate (per s) Proportion Final Cycle (per s) Proportion Duration Dominancy Lower Bands Proportion Initial FM Frequency Delta Initial FM (Hz) PFM Rate (per s) Dominant Frequency (Hz) Dominant Harmonic Physalaemus nattereri Call A 0.065 ± 0.003 (0.057–0.074) 0.067 [41/41] – – – – – 0.673 ± 0.076 (0.511–0.831) 0.655 [41/41] ? – 1023.2 ± 51.2 (703.1–1031.2) 1031.2 [41/41] 2.4 ± 0.6 (1–3) 2 [82/38] Physalaemus maculiventris Call A 0.209 ± 0.025 (0.172–0.260) 0.189 [50/50] 0.534 ± 0.101 0.030 ± 0.016 (0.011–0.107) 0.021 [145/25] 0.034 ± 0.011 – 39.0 ± 13.8 (9.3–92.4) 46.8 [145/25] 32.4 ± 8.4 1.305±0.763 (0.403–2.773) [23/23] 1.478 ± 0.392 – 0.527 ± 0.0171 (0.114–0.792) 0.588 [50/50] -26.9 ± 65.8 (–172.3–86.1) -43.1 [24/24] 187.5 ± 132.6 34.5 ± 11.2 (11.8–66.5) 44.3 [118/50] 36.1 ± 9.2 1043.9 ± 214.6 (818.3–1507.3) 861.3 [50/50] 1171.9 ± 129.3 4.2 ± 0.5 (3–6) 4 [51/3] 4.8 ± 0.9 Call B (0.375–0.675) (0.014–0.069) – (21.6–54.7) (1.121–1.906) – ? (93.7–375.0) (24.5–61.6) (1031.2–1312.5) (3–8) 5 [6/6] 0.032 [64/4] 23.1 [17/3] [4/4] [4/4] 36.2 [19/4] 1031.2 [6/6] [103/2] 0.056 ± 0.008 1091.7 ± 41.6 5.2 ± 2.5 Call A (0.041–0.077) – – – – – – – – (1022.8–1162.8) (2–10) 3.0 Physalaemus erythros Call B 0.055 [38/38] 0.587 ± 0.192 (0.200–0.875) [17/17] 0.045 ± 0.018 (0.015–0.087) 0.045 [86/4] – 26.6 ± 12.8 (11.5–66.5) 22.2 [86/4] 0.750 ± 0.442 (0.179–1.495) [4/4] – – – 26.6 ± 12.8 (11.5–66.5) 22.2 [86/4] 1141.3 [38/38] 1083.6 ± 220.4 (843.8–1781.2) 1031.2 [17/17] [23/4] 4.1 ± 1.3 (3–9) 3 [99/2] 0.106 ± 0.026 0.056 ± 0.014 0.009 ± 0.006 15.2 ± 2.8 1.565 ± 0.362 2321.2 ± 162.9 12.7 ± 6.7 Call A (0.057–0.149) (0.036–0.085) (0.000–0.022) (10.3–19.0) (1.033–2.202) – – – – (1890.6–2546.9) (5–38) 8 Physalaemus rupestris Call B 0.112 [18/18] 1.556 ± 0.152 (1.269–1.727) [10/10] 0.046 [22/11] 0.040 ± 0.028 (0.005–0.173) 0.037 [122/6] 0.000 [11/11] 0.027 ± 0.012 (0.011–0.071) 0.019 [177/6] 17.7 [18/18] 18.9 ± 1.6 (16.3–21.1) [6/6] [11/11] 3.545 ± 0.780 (2.420–4.459) [6/6] – – – – 2343.8 [18/18] 2368.8 ± 144.9 (2062.5–2562.5) 2365.0 [10/10] [147/18] 22.9 ± 10.3 (7–57) 15 [240/6] ...Continued on the next page Species Call Type Call Duration (s) Cycle or Pulse Duration (s) Cycle or Pulse Interval (s) Cycle or Pulse Rate (per s) Proportion Final Cycle (per s) Proportion Duration Dominancy Lower Bands Proportion Initial FM Frequency Delta Initial FM (Hz) PFM Rate (per s) Dominant Frequency (Hz) Dominant Harmonic Physalaemus camacan Call A 0.773 ± 0.100 (0.676–0.980) 0.698 [30/30] 0.084 ± 0.017(0.047– 0.117) 0.088 [50/5] – 12.6 ± 2.5 (8.6–18.1) 13.9 [45/5] 0.955 ± 0.287 (0.498–1.219) [5/5] – – – 33.6 ± 6.7 (24.5–53.6) 35.4 [56/13] 1519.1 ± 85.8 (1378.1–1656.2) 1485.8 [29/29] 3.6 ± 0.6 (2–6) 4 [631/3] Physalaemus obtectus Call A 0.475 ± 0.041 (0.415–0.553) 0.429 [20/20] 0.052 ± 0.010 (0.026–0.091) 0.050 [87/20] 0.074 ± 0.013 (0.042–0.093) 0.066 [67/20] 9.1 ± 0.5 (8.4–10.1) 8.7 [20/20] 0.957 ± 0.307 (0.424–1.545) [20/20] – – – 9.1 ± 0.5 (8.4–10.1) 8.7 [20/20] 1218.8 ± 9.3 (1207.0–1230.5) 1218.8 [20/20] 3.2 ± 0.7 (3–7) 3 [75/2] Physalaemus irroratus Call A 0.743 ± 0.085 (0.489–0.954) 0.706 [27/27] 0.035 ± 0.011 (0.007–0.059) 0.037 [111/27] 0.192 ± 0.031 (0.034–0.234) 0.189 [84/27] 5.6 ± 0.4 (5.1–6.9) 5.7 [27/27] 0.103 ± 0.034 (0.047–0.185) [27/27] – – – 5.6 ± 0.4 (5.1–6.9) 5.7 [27/27] 1648.1 ± 144.2 (1250.0–1718.8) 1703.1 [27/27] 3.9 ± 1.0 (2–9) 4 [74/3] Call A 0.193 ± 0.012 (0.178–0.218) 0.186 [21/21] 0.028 ± 0.011 (0.005–0.066) 0.025 [115/21] 0.015 ± 0.061 (0.000–0.598) 0.011 [94/21] 28.3 ± 2.3 (25.5–33.5) 26.8 [21/21] 2.024 ± 0.499 (0.971–2.823) [21/21] – – – 28.3 ± 2.3 (25.5–33.5) 26.8 [21/21] 2346.1 ± 106.9 (2239.5–2540.9) 2325.6 [21/21] 2.4 ± 0.6 (2–4) 2 [30/5] Physalaemus nanus Call B 0.047 ± 0.023 (0.027–0.090) [6/6] – – – – – – – 90.5 ± 21.3 (74.7–114.7) [3/3] 1787.3 ± 65.3 (1679.6–1851.9) 1765.7 [6/6] 13.6 ± 7.1 (7–41) 10 [62/3] Call C 0.266 ± 0.047 (0.188–0.311) [5/5] * * * * – – – * * * Physalaemus Call A 0.260 ± 0.059 (0.221–0.492) 0.229 [31/31] – – – – – 0.096 ± 0.006 (0.083–0.107) 0.097 [14/14] 53.6 ± 48.2 (0.0–93.8) 93.8 [14/14] ? 1359.7 ± 204.8 (1119.7–1981.1) 1312.5 [31/31] 3.7 ± 0.8 (2–6) 4 [384/3] spiniger Call B 0.432 ± 0.047 (0.376–0.512) [6/6] – – – – 0.555 ± 0.079 (0.447–0.678) [6/6] 0.074 ± 0.016 (0.047–0.093) [6/6] 14.3 ± 35.1 (-43.1–43.0) [6/6] – 1564.8 ± 203.2 (1162.8–1722.7) 1593.5 [6/6] 5.5 ± 1.4 (3– 12) 6 [161/3] ...Continued on the next page Species Call Type Call Duration (s) Cycle or Pulse Duration (s) Cycle or Pulse Interval (s) Cycle or Pulse Rate (per s) Proportion Final Cycle (per s) Proportion Duration Dominancy Lower Bands Proportion Initial FM Frequency Delta Initial FM (Hz) PFM Rate (per s) Dominant Frequency (Hz) Dominant Harmonic Physalaemus crombiei Call A Call B 0.429 ± 0.113 (0.319–0.774) 0.333 [80/80] 0.827 ± 0.167 (0.709–0.945) [2/2] 0.040± 0.010 (0.027–0.081) 0.038 [271/29] 0.052 ± 0.002 (0.051–0.053) [2/2] 0.004 ± 0.002 (0.000–0.009) 0.005 [242/29] – 24.5 ± 1.9 (20.7–20.8) 23.3 [242/29] 19.3 ± 0.6 (18.9–19.7) [2/2] 1.844 ± 0.145 (1.553–2.206) [29/29]? – – – – – – 23.8 ± 2.5 (21.5–41.2) 24.0 [60/60] 19.3 ± 0.6 (18.9–19.7) [2/2] 1081.5 ± 52.8 (1012.1– 1378.1) 1055.1 [80/80] 1089.9 ± 99.5 (1019.5– 1160.2) [2/2] 3.1 ± 0.4 (2–4) 3 [57/10] 3.0 ± 0.0 (3–3) 3 [102/1] Physalaemus Call A 0.516 ± 0.033 (0.453–0.579) 0.495 [50/5-] 0.022 ± 0.005 (0.014–0.045) 0.022 [125/6] – 47.8 ± 8.5 (22.0–71.3) 45.2 [125/6] 1.538 ± 0.501 (0.924–2.086) [6/6] – 0.412 ± 0.042 (0.308–0.471) 0.426 [20/20] 17.2 ± 24.3 (0–86.2) 0.0 [30/30] 44.4 ± 8.4 (28.7–73.9) 42.6 [94/9] 1134.4 ± 305.1 (861.3–1550.4) 861.3 [50/50] 3.0 ± 0.2 (3–5) 3 [199/3] signifer Call B 1.029 ± 0.133 (0.883–1.355) [10/10] 0.071 ± 0.049 (0.019–0.270) 0.054 [84/1] – 18.9 ± 10.3 (3.7–52.0) 18.5 [84/1] 1.289 ± 0.548 (0.664–2.180) [9/9] – – – 18.9 ± 10.3 (3.7–52.0) 18.5 [84/1] 874.3 ± 36.9 (839.8–947.5) 861.3 [10/10] 3.9 ± 0.3 (3–5) 4 [104/1] Physalaemus Call A 0.188 ± 0.006 (0.177–0.197) 0.187 [15/15] 0.006 ± 0.002 (0.003–0.012) 0.007 [88/15] 0.032 ± 0.013 (0.006–0.071) 0.031 [73/15] 34.5 ± 21.6 (13.1–105.6) 22.1 [73/15] 1.612 ± 0.218 (1.048–1.964) [15/15] – – – – 3166.8 ± 261.4 (2842.4– 3660.6) 3143.8 [15/15] 4.8 ± 1.8 (2–10) 4 [16/3] bokermanni Call B 1.428 ± 0.196 (0.947–1.868) [15/15] 0.039 ± 0.017 (0.020–0.106) 0.032 [65/5] – 28.5 ± 8.1 (9.4–51.1) 31.1 [65/5] 0.687 ± 0.456 (0.257–1.542) [6/6] – – – – 3800.0 ± 122.1 (3562.5– 4125.0) 3843.8 [15/15] 3.9 ± 1.2 (2–7) 3 [58/1] Physalaemus Call A 0.508 ± 0.032 (0.431–0.605) 0.503 [57/57] 0.015 ± 0.007 (0.008–0.063) 0.014 [501/17] 0.002 ± 0.001 (0.000–0.006) 0.000 [484/17] 58.2 ± 2.0 (49.2–60.8) 59.7 [46/46] 3.716 ± 0.507 (2.975–4.818) [17/17] – – – 58.2 ± 2.0 (49.2–60.8) 59.7 [46/46] 1687.5 ± 46.0 (1593.8– 1781.2) 1687.5 [57/57] 4.0 ± 0.4 (3–5) 4 [53/1] angrensis Call B 0.330 ± 0.012 (0.309–0.353) 0.323 [13/13] – – – – – – – 52.5 ± 11.8 (33.6–69.2) 65.3 [18/18] 1171.9 ± 83.4 (1078.1– 1312.5) 1125.0 [13/13] 3.8 ± 0.7 (2–7) 4 [54/1] ...Continued on the next page Species Call Type Call Duration (s) Cycle or Pulse Duration (s) Cycle or Pulse Interval (s) Cycle or Pulse Rate (per s) Proportion Final Cycle (per s) Proportion Duration Dominancy Lower Bands Proportion Initial FM Frequency Delta Initial FM (Hz) PFM Rate (per s) Dominant Frequency (Hz) Dominant Harmonic Physalaemus atlanticus Call A 1.258 ± 0.084 (1.096–1.377) [12/12] 0.009 ± 0.006 (0.004–0.061) 0.008 [359/6] 0.012 ± 0.004 (0.004–0.032) 0.009 [353/6] 47.5 ± 0.7 (46.7–48.7) [6/6] 5.573 ± 3.212 (2.797–8.342) [6/6] – – – – 1252.5 ± 170.7 (947.5–1378.1) 1378.1 [12/12] 2.4 ± 0.5 (2–3) 2 [58/1] Physalaemus Call A 0.532 ± 0.023 (0.499–0.567) [7/7] 0.019 ± 0.017 (0.003–0.133) 0.012 [156/7] 0.005 ± 0.002 (0.002–0.009) 0.003 [149/7] 42.4 ± 2.6 (38.1–46.0) [7/7] 6.2 ± 1.846 (4.072–9.806) [7/7] – – – 42.4 ± 2.6 (38.1–46.0 [7/7] 1027.5 ± 236.5 (775.2–1248.9) 1205.9 [7/7] 4.2 ± 1.2 (3–8) 4 [81/2] moreirae Call B 0.254 [1/1] – – – – – – – 63.8 ± 6.8 (54.1–68.5) 68.5 [4/1] 861.3 [1/1] 3.4 ± 0.6 (2–5) 3 [34/1] Physalaemus fernandezae Call A 0.715 ± 0.144 (0.339–0.969) 0.587 [20/20] 0.033 ± 0.007 (0.018–0.078) 0.033 [115/5] – 31.2 ± 2.5 (26.5–33.5) [7/7] 1.509 ± 0.605 (0.829–2.311) [5/5] – – – 31.2 ± 2.6 (26.5–33.5) [7/7] 3044.8 ± 119.5 (2885.4–3230.0) 3057.7 [20/20] 93.2 ± 11.5 (71–119) 84 [33/3] Physalaemus henselii Call A 0.371 ± 0.037 (0.289–0.493) 0.375 [38/38] 0.008 ± 0.003 (0.002–0.016) 0.009 [563/30] 0.011 ± 0.007 (0.000–0.035) 0.000 [563/30] 54.1 ± 7.7 (46.1–85.9) 51.6 [30/30] 2.422 ± 0.934 (1.073–4.390) [30/30] – – – 54.1 ± 7.7 (46.1–85.9) 51.6 [30/30] 1857.7 ± 130.5 (1687.5–2156.2) 1781.2 [38/38] 17.9 ± 18.3 (4–65) 6 [45/1] Physalaemus albonotatus Call A 1.385 ± 0.032 (1.333–1.429) [7/7] 0.040 ± 0.004 (0.026–0.050) 0.039 [67/2] – 24.6 ± 0.6 (23.8–25.4) [5/5] – 0.241 ± 0.002 (0.239–0.242) [2/2] 0.362 ± 0.007 (0.357–0.367) [2/2] -23.5 ± 33.2 (-46.9–0.0) [2/2] 24.5 ± 3.0 (18.8–32.1) 23.3 [34/2] 2209.9 ± 314.9 (1593.8–2437.5) 2343.8 [7/7] 4.6 ± 0.7 (1–6) 5 [337/1] Physalaemus cuqui Call A 1.335 ± 0.083 (1.215–1.500) [11/11] 0.047 ± 0.008 (0.021–0.073) 0.045 [150/9] – 20.9 ± 0.6 (20.1–21.9) 20.1 [9/9] – 0.498 ± 0.018 (0.476–0.531) 0.476 [11/11] 0.545 ± 0.053 (0.480–0.645) 0.514 [11/11] 31.3 ± 20.1 (0.0–43.0) 43.0 [11/11] 21.1 ± 3.3 (13.9–32.2) 19.3 [112/11] 2842.4 ± 0.0 (2842.4–2842.4) 2842.4 [11/11] 4.2 ± 2.2 (1–6) 6 [320/1] Physalaemus atim Call A 0.861 ± 0.067 (0.779–0.995) [8/8] 0.033 ± 0.010 (0.015–0.055) 0.040 [40/4] – 45.1 ± 14.9 (24.5–80.2) 59.8 [31/4] ? 0.229 ± 0.027 (0.176–0.260) 0.220 [8/8] 0.174 ± 0.040 (0.114–0.237) [7/7] 34.5 ± 19.3 (0.0–43.1) 43.1 [5/5] – 2261.0 ± 115.1 (1981.1–2325.6) 2282.5 [8/8] 4.8 ± 1.7 (1–7) 6 [352/2] ...Continued on the next page Species Call Type Call Duration (s) Cycle or Pulse Duration (s) Cycle or Pulse Interval (s) Cycle or Pulse Rate (per s) Proportion Final Cycle (per s) Proportion Duration Dominancy Lower Bands Proportion Initial FM Frequency Delta Initial FM (Hz) PFM Rate (per s) Dominant Frequency (Hz) Dominant Harmonic Physalaemus albifrons Call A 0.283 ± 0.008 (0.263–0.297) 0.280 [42/42] – – – – 0.469 ± 0.023 (0.426–0.517) 0.491 [42/42] 0.723 ± 0.059 (0.606–0.819) 0.710 [42/42] 42.4 ± 32.4 (0.0–140.6) 46.8[42/42] – 2573.6 ± 52.6 (2437.5–2671.9) 2578.1 [42/42] 5.1 ± 1.6 (2–9) 5 [118/2] Physalaemus erikae Call A 0.539 ± 0.036 (0.478–0.566) [5/5] – – – – 0.541 ± 0.023 (0.516–0.575) [5/5] 0.521 ± 0.029 (0.484–0.550) [5/5] 30.2 ± 11.8 (21.5–43.1) 43.1 [5/5] – 2889.7 ± 31.9 (2842.4–2928.5) 2885.4 [5/5] 4.7 ± 1.9 (1–7) 6 [251/2] Physalaemus kroyeri Call A 0.715 ± 0.023 (0.673–0.759) [10/10] – – – – 0.414 ± 0.028 (0.355–0.470) [10/10] 0.409 ± 0.019 (0.386–0.451) [10/10] 28.1 ± 45.3 (0.0–93.7) 0.0 [10/10] – 2071.9 ± 29.6 (2062.5–2156.2) 2062.5 [10/10] 4.5 ± 1.3 (2–6) 6 [309/2] Physalaemus centralis Call A 0.492 ± 0.055 (0.404–0.550) 0.415 [17/17] – – – – 0.355 ± 0.022 (0.328–0.404) 0.336 [17/17] 0.355 ± 0.022 (0.328–0.404) 0.336 [17/17] 38.6 ± 27.4 (0.0–93.8) 46.9 [17/17] – 1453.1 ± 33.2 (1406.2–1500.0) 1453.1 [17/17] 12.4 ± 5.5 (4–21) 18 [122/6] Physalaemus cuvieri Call A 0.291 ± 0.013 (0.257–0.311) 0.286 [57/57] – – – – 0.456 ± 0.040 (0.408–0.623) 0.450 [55/55] 0.616 ± 0.035 (0.506–0.716) 0.636 [57/57] -3.0 ± 21.3 (-43.1–43.1) 0.0 [57/57] – 759.3 ± 25.3 (689.1–775.2) 775.2 [57/57] 1.0 ± 0.1 (1–2) 1 [112/2] Physalaemus ephippifer Call A 0.501 ± 0.015 (0.466–0.523) 0.498 [18/18] 0.041 ± 0.007 (0.017–0.053) 0.045 [147/18] – 25.5 ± 6.5 (18.8–60.3) 22.3 [147/18] ? 0.500 ± 0.013 (0.465–0.521) 0.492 [18/18] 0.470 ± 0.025 (0.423–0.516) [18/18] 67.0 ± 22.0 (43.1–86.2) 43.1 [18/18] 22.6 ± 2.1 (19.9–30.6) 21.7 [47/18] 1320.7 ± 833.7 (818.3–2627.1) 818.3 [18/18] 3.1 ± 2.3 (1–6) 1 [224/2] Physalaemus fischeri Call A 0.826 ± 0.014 (0.795–0.850) 0.820 [24/24] – – – – 0.524 ± 0.021 (0.481–0.570) 0.521 [24/24] 0.592 ± 0.021 (0.550–0.636) 0.602 [24/24] 39.0 ± 61.3 (-93.7–93.7) 93.7 [24/24] – 843.8 ± 0.0 (843.8–843.8) 843.8 [24/24] 2.0 ± 0.0 (2–2) 2 [262/2] Physalaemus cicada Call A 0.027 ± 0.003 (0.004–0.047) 0.025 [2447/2447] – – – – 0.314 ± 0.047 (0.143–0.396) 0.322 [52/52] 0.408 ± 0.058 (0.305–0.527) 0.353 [52/52] -37.8 ± 20.8 (-46.8–46.8) -46.8 [52/52] – 3182.2 ± 270.0 (1406.2–3562.5) 3046.9 [2447/2447] 8.1 ± 0.7 (7– 10) 8 [80/16] ...Continued on the next page Species Call Type Call Duration (s) Cycle or Pulse Duration (s) Cycle or Pulse Interval (s) Cycle or Pulse Rate (per s) Proportion Final Cycle (per s) Proportion Duration Dominancy Lower Bands Proportion Initial FM Frequency Delta Initial FM (Hz) PFM Rate (per s) Dominant Frequency (Hz) Dominant Harmonic Physalaemus aguirrei Call A 0.221 ± 0.011 (0.179–0.237) 0.220 [53/53] – – – – 0.582 ± 0.027 (0.522–0.625) 0.561 [33/33] 0.327 ± 0.015 (0.296–0.355) 0.322 [19/19] 41.7 ± 22.2 (0.0–107.7) 21.5 [33/33] – 2578.3 ± 1006.0 (775.2–3375.0) 3281.2 [53/53] 3.1 ± 2.1 (1–6) 1 [113/2] Physalaemus soaresi Call A 1.660 ± 0.079 (1.597–1.748) [3/3] 0.068 ± 0.019 (0.032–0.123) 0.059 [54/3] – 16.0 ± 4.9 (8.1–31.3) 16.9 [54/3] ? – – – 5.9 ± 0.5 (4.9–6.9) 5.5 [20/3] 2842.4 ± 336.3 (2454.8–3057.7) [3/3] 4.5 ± 0.6 (4–7) 4 [490/1] Physalaemus maximus Call A 2.200 ± 0.171 (1.887–2.446) 2.237 [10/10] 0.102 ± 0.018 (0.060–0.144) 0.119 [65/3] – 10.2 ± 1.9 (6.9–16.6) 8.4 [65/3] – – – – ? 1018.7 ± 14.3 (1000.0–1031.2) 1031.2 [10/10] 6.0 ± 0.9 (3–9) 6 [328/2] Physalaemus feioi Call A 4.311 ± 0.419 (3.854–4.920) [8/8] 0.048 ± 0.010 (0.010–0.132) 0.058 [333/4] 0.030 ± 0.010 (0.011–0.064) 0.025 [327/6] 12.8 ± 0.3 (12.5–13.4) [8/8] 1.397 ± 0.838 (0.691–2.609) [4/4] – – – 12.8 ± 0.3 (12.5–13.4) [8/8] 2429.7 ± 40.1 (2343.8–2468.8) 2437.5 [8/8] 7.5 ± 1.1 (6–15) 7 [159/1] Physalaemus orophilus Call A 4.624 ± 0.525 (3.724–5.432) [37/37] 0.042 ± 0.007 (0.023–0.073) 0.039 [402/7] 0.048 ± 0.008 (0.003–0.070) 0.048 [395/7] 11.2 ± 0.1 (11.1–11.5) 11.1 [7/7] 1.468 ± 0.244 (1.064–1.847) [7/7] – – – 11.2 ± 0.1 (11.1–11.5) 11.1 [7/7] 2774.7 ± 83.7 (2627.1–2906.2) 2670.1 [37/37] 9.3 ± 1.6 (4–29) 9 [301/1] Physalaemus lateristriga Call A 2.883 ± 0.498 (1.330–3.746) [25/25] 0.138 ± 0.044 (0.047–0.303) 0.125 [74/3] – 8.0 ± 2.9 (3.3–21.1) 8.0 [74/3] ? – – – 7.4 ± 1.7 (4.0–14.3) 6.1 [138/25] 1748.7 ± 48.1 (1593.8–1843.8) 1750.0 [25/25] 9.8 ± 0.7 (9–13) 10 [111/1] Physalaemus olfersii Call A 4.177 ± 0.318 (3.530–4.837) [23/23] ? – 11.0 ± 3.6 (4.5–23.1) 14.3 [139/15] – – – – 11.0 ± 3.6 (4.5–23.1) 14.3 [139/15] 1689.9 ± 93.6 (1571.9–1873.4) 1722.7 [23/23] 11.9 ± 0.9 (9–19) 12 [320/1] Physalaemus riograndensis Call A 0.780 ± 0.035 (0.691–0.835) 0.797 [20/20] – – – – 0.520 ± 0.048 (0.463–0.648) 0.520 [20/20] 0.682 ± 0.028 (0.645–0.750) 0.697 [20/20] 6.5 ± 15.8 (0.0–43.0) 0.0 [20/20] – 975.5 ± 25.3 (947.5–1033.6) 990.5 [20/20] 1.0 ± 0.0 (1–1) 1 [718/1] ...Continued on the next page Species Call Type Call Duration (s) Cycle or Pulse Duration (s) Cycle or Pulse Interval (s) Cycle or Pulse Rate (per s) Proportion Final Cycle (per s) Proportion Duration Dominancy Lower Bands Proportion Initial FM Frequency Delta Initial FM (Hz) PFM Rate (per s) Dominant Frequency (Hz) Dominant Harmonic Physalaemus biligonigerus Call A 0.613 ± 0.023 (0.546–0.640) 0.617 [18/18] – – – – 0.553 ± 0.042 (0.460–0.626) 0.538 [18/18] 0.509 ± 0.030 (0.422–0.569) 0.509 [18/18] -9.6 ± 18.4 (-43.1–0.0) 0.0 [18/18] – 638.8 ± 16.5 (602.9–646.0) 646.0 [18/18] 2.0 ± 1.9 (1–6) 1 [344/2] Physalaemus marmoratus Call A 0.876 ± 0.063 (0.614–0.938) 0.894 [23/23] – – – – 0.523 ± 0.066 (0.434–0.677) 0.453 [23/23] 0.464 ± 0.055 (0.373–0.651) 0.488 [23/23] 46.9 ± 24.5 (0.0–93.8) 46.9 [23/23] – 515.6 ± 0 (515.6–515.6) 515.6 [23/23] 1.0 ± 0.0 (1–1) 1 [448/2] Physalaemus santafecinus Call A 0.352 ± 0.012 (0.330–0.375) 0.354 [20/20] – – – – 0.529 ± 0.018 (0.499–0.566) [20/20] 0.339 ± 0.024 (0.287–0.381) 0.350 [20/20] 0.0 [20/20] – 1649.5 ± 1042.7 (473.7–2627.1) 2540.9 [20/20] 2.3 ± 1.8 (1–6) 1 [258/3] Physalaemus carrizorum Call A 2.916 ± 0.661 (2.360–4.118) [10/10] – – – – 0.431 ± 0.177 (0.068–0.672) [8/8] 0.251 ± 0.091 (0.148–0.401) [10/10] 19.4 ± 21.4 (-21.5–43.0) 43.0 [10/10] ? 1899.2 ± 1017.4 (409.1–2627.1) 2627.1 [10/10] 2.0 ± 1.9 (1–6) 1 [1219/2] Physalaemus gracilis Call A 0.520 ± 0.029 (0.451–0.565) 0.525 [20/20] – – – – 0.465 ± 0.082 (0.302–0.560) 0.560 [20/20] 0.500 ± 0.043 (0.434–0.606) 0.482 [20/20] -21.6 ± 22.1 (-43.1–0.0) - 43.1 [20/20] ? 2612.0 ± 218.4 (2110.3–2756.2) 2670.1 [20/20] 4.6 ± 1.4 (1–7) 5 [266/2] Physalaemus lisei Call A 1.363 ± 0.358 (0.967–1.997) [11/11] 0.042 ± 0.011 (0.022–0.073) 0.038 [50/2] – 25.6 ± 7.3 (13.7–46.2) 26.0 [50/2] – 0.375 ± 0.047 (0.282–0.434) [11/11] 0.071 ± 0.019 (0.039–0.103) [7/7] 55.3 ± 32.5 (0–86.1) 85.1 [7/7] 11.1 ± 4.5 (6.4–20.3) [15/15] 2415.6 ± 40.6 (2325.6–2454.8) 20411.7 [11/11] 4.7 ± 0.5 (2–5) 5 [614/2] Physalaemus evangelistai Call A 1.190 ± 0.103 (0.976–1.358) [38/38] 0.107 ± 0.011 (0.079–0.127) 0.103 [78/10] – 9.3 ± 0.7 (8.0–11.5) 9.4 [113/30] – 0.368 ± 0.022 (0.322–0.385) [8/8] 0.409 ± 0.075 (0.275–0.537) [8/8] 2.7 ± 7.6 (0–21.6) 0 [8/8] 9.2 ± 0.8 (7.6–11.5) 8.8 [119/8] 2719.1 ± 487.1 (667.5–2906.2) 2906.2 [38/38] 3.1 ± 1.7 (1–6) 4 [562/2] Physalaemus barrioi Call A 1.680 ± 0.166 (1.323–2.038) 1.715 [23/23] – – – – 0.552 ± 0.127 (0.353–0.817) [23/23] 0.360 ± 0.107 (0.149–0.459) [23/23] -11.7 ± 34.8 (-86.1–43.1) 0 [23/23] – 1614.1 ± 802.1 (473.7–2584.0) 2153.3 [23/23] 1.0 ± 0.4 (1–6) 1 [298/1] Physalaemus jordanensis Call A 1.688 ± 0.131 (0.980–1.961) 1.704 [43/43] 0.042 ± 0.014 (0.015–0.145) 0.023 [188/6] 0.009 ± 0.010 (0.000–0.047) 0 [182/6] 19.5 ± 2.9 (16.3–22.9) 19.3 [6/6] 2.626 ± 0.823 (1.428–3.603) [6/6] 0.562 ± 0.042 (0.451–0.643) [43/43] 0.255 ± 0.026 (0.191–0.301) 0.246 [40/40] -44.5 ± 23.6 (-93.7–0) - 46.8 [40/40] 19.5 ± 2.9 (16.3–22.9) 17.3 [6/6] 2210.6 ± 461.9 (559.9–2437.5) 2343.8 [43/43] 3.3 ± 2.2 (1–6) 1 [219/1] Species Call Type Fundamental Frequency (Hz) Proportion Amplitude Peak Position Call Number Cycles Dominant Frequency Beginning of the Call (Hz) Dominant Frequency End of the Call (Hz) Frequency Delta Call (Hz) Bandwidth (Hz) Entropy (bits) Center Frequency (Hz) IQR Proportion (s) Physalaemus nattereri Call A 334.7 ± 10.9 (318.7–367.0) 339.0 [77/8] 0.13 ± 0.024 (0.069–0.167) [41/41] – – – -43.1 ± 23.1 (- 93.8–0) [25/25] 423.0 ± 7.3 (421.9–468.8) 421.9 [41/41] 2.668 ± 0.046 (2.568–2.780) [41/41] 973.0 ± 48.9 (703.1–984.4) 984.4 [41/41] 0.264 ± 0.022 (0.199–0.300) 0.269 [41/41] 218.8 ± 14.2 0.732 ± 0.038 6.3 ± 1.3 -26.9± 65.8 825.2 ± 202.1 3.780 ± 0.103 1129.2 ± 83.1 0.240 ± 0.05 Call A (193.0–288.4) (0.643–0.795) (3–8) – – (-172.3–86.1) (646–1593.5) (3.521–4.042) (1033.6–1248.9) (0.165–0.318) Physalaemus 214.4 [51/3] 0.685 [50/50] [23/23] -43.1 [24/24] 732.1 [50/50] 3.637 [50/50] 1076.7 [50/50] 0.271 [50/50] maculiventris 239.8 ± 60.5 0.655 ± 0.323 13.2 ± 3.8 398.4 ± 193.3 828.1 ± 321.6 3.087 ± 0.460 1218.8 ± 83.9 0.335± 0.108 Call B (122.9–417.4) (0.180–0.960) (10–19) – – (187.4–656.3) (562.5–1406.2) (2.409–3.803) (1125.0–1312.5) (0.202–0.466) 216.3 [104/2] [6/6] 10.0 [6/6] 375.0 [4/4] 562.5 [6/6] [6/6] 1125.0 [6/6] [6/6] 248.6 ± 105.8 0.535 ± 0.081 -14.3± 46.9 (- 1758.6 ± 655.0 6.131 ± 0.306 1150.1 ± 17.7 0.388 ± 0.022 Call A (104.8–397.6) (0.385–0.694) – – – 290.7–21.5) 0.0 (990.5–3348.4) (5.675–6.914) (1119.7–1205.9) (0.351–0.431) Physalaemus 364.7 [22/4] 0.602 [38/38] [40/40] 1012.1 [38/38] 6.055 [38/38] 1141.3 [38/38] 0.399 [38/38] erythros 247.1 ± 65.6 0.948 ± 0.062 13.3 ± 4.7 546.0 ± 181.5 805.2 ± 137.9 3.879 ± 0.380 1177.4 ± 137.6 0.292 ± 0.146 Call B (107.1–376.1) (0.723–0.988) (5–20) 20 – – (140.7–796.9) (562.5–1031.2) (3.166–4.379) (937.5–1359.4) (0.087–0.564) 189.1 [101/2] 0.976 [17/17] [17/17] 656.2 [17/17] 843.8 [17/17] [17/17] 1218.8 [17/17] 0.255 [17/17] 224.6 ± 96.7 0.165 ± 0.056 56.4 ± 528.3 914.1 ± 162.4 5.572 ± 0.127 2304.7 ± 65.3 0.282 ± 0.080 Call A (61.8–439.8) (0.085–0.280) – – – (-1703.1–546.9) (812.5–1531.2) (5.271–5.750) (2171.9–2421.9) (0.192–0.478) Physalaemus 281.5 [147/18] 0.118 [18/18] 528.3 [18/18] 828.1 [18/18] [18/18] 2250.0 [18/18] [18/18] rupestris 128.4 ± 57.5 0.012 ± 0.003 30.5 ± 4.2 156.3 ± 170.4 1304.7 ± 541.4 6.102 ± 0.200 2320.3 ± 75.5 0.448 ± 0.107 Call B (41.6–356.1) (0.007–0.018) (23–34) 33 – – (-156.2–359.4) (943.8–2218.8) (5.684–6.376) (2218.8–2417.5) (0.307–0.635) 139.7 [240/6] 0.012 [10/10] [6/6] 170.4 [10/10] 1015.6 [10/10] [10/10] 2312.5 [10/10] [10/10] Physalaemus camacan Call A 407.7 ± 61.6 (275.5–684.9) 408.8 [631/3] 0.792 ± 0.057 (0.676–0.881) [11/11] 10.6 ± 1.1 (9–12) 11 [5/5] – – 54.7 ± 35.7 (0–125) [10/10] 695.5 ± 291.4 (516.8–1765.6) 559.9 [30/30] 4.935 ± 0.905 (4.145–6.490) [30/30] 1475.1 ± 87.9 (1378.1–1617.2) 1399.7 [30/30] 0.375 ± 0.015 (0.341–0.414) 0.388 [30/30] Physalaemus obtectus Call A 377.7 ± 46.0 (185.7–417.4) 403.1 [75/2] 0.397 ± 0.075 (0.256–0.496) 0.394 [20/20] 4.4 ± 0.5 (4–5) 4 [20/20] – – 12.9 ± 10.0 (0–35.2) 0 [20/20] 754.1 ± 49.2 (656.2–855.5) 785.2 [20/20] 5.273 ± 0.118 (5.046–5.475) [20/20] 1222.9 ± 7.9 (1207.0–1230.5) 1218.8 [20/20] 0.354 ± 0.030 (0.307–0.432) 0.365 [20/20] ...Continued on the next page Species Call Type Fundamental Frequency (Hz) Proportion Amplitude Peak Position Call Number Cycles Dominant Frequency Beginning of the Call (Hz) Dominant Frequency End of the Call (Hz) Frequency Delta Call (Hz) Bandwidth (Hz) Entropy (bits) Center Frequency (Hz) IQR Proportion (s) Physalaemus irroratus Call A 404.6 ± 70.3 (178.3–592.4) 410.8 [74/3] 0.536 ± 0.050 (0.461–0.673) 0.524 [27/27] 4.1 ± 0.4 (3–5) 4 [27/27] – – 35.3 ± 40.1 (-62.5–109.4) 46.9 [27/27] 759.3 ± 70.6 (546.9–875.0) 796.9 [27/27] 5.135 ± 0.057 (4.913–5.225) 5.133 [27/27] 1636.6 ± 75.8 (1281.2–1687.5) 1656.2 [27/27] 0.379 ± 0.059 (0.299–0.627) 0.355 [27/27] Physalaemus Call A 993.2 ± 184.2 (616.9– 1082.0) 1031.2 [30/5] 0.263 ± 0.053 (0.193–0.371) 0.237 [21/21] 5.5 ± 0.6 (5–7) 5 [21/21] – – 4.3 ± 59.1 (-86.1–86.1) 0 [20/20] 982.3 ± 522.6 (258.4–1636.5) 559.9 [21/21] 3.819 ± 0.172 (3.301–4.081) [21/21] 2286.6 ± 52.6 (2239.5–2454.8) 2239.5 [21/21] 0.419 ± 0.071 (0.309–0.517) [21/21] nanus 306.9 ± 93.1 0.721 ± 0.084 366.1 ± 462.0 875.7 ± 107.8 3.625 ± 0.422 1808.8 ± 47.2 0.312 ± 0.019 Call B (87.3–454.5) (0.624–0.832) – – – (-86.1–1162.8) (689.1–990.5) (2.903–4.014) (1722.7–1851.9) (0.284–0.337) 388.5 [62/3] [6/6] [6/6] 904.4 [6/6] [6/6] 1808.8 [6/6] [6/6] Call C * * * – – * * * * * 379.2 ± 50.9 0.741 ± 0.182 53.6 ± 48.2 597.2 ± 107.5 2.590 ± 0.263 1358.3± 147.6 0.350± 0.045 Call A (244.3–618.0) (0.083–0.980) – – – (0.0–93.8) 93.8 (473.7–818.3) (2.272–3.205) (1162.8–1636.5) (0.229–0.418) Physalaemus 402.7 [384/3] 0.838 [26/26] [14/14] 562.5 [31/31] 2.428 [31/31] 1312.5 [31/31] 0.363 [31/31] spiniger 290.2 ± 39.7 0.516 ± 0.320 -244.1 ± 199.5 760.9 ± 111.2 3.145 ± 0.259 1586.3 ± 32.4 0.432 ± 0.048 Call B (145.6–465.1) (0.049–0.937) – – – (-473.7–129.2) (646.0–947.5) (2.794–3.490) (1550.4–1636.5) (0.377–0.499) 269.8 [161/3] [6/6] -301.5 [6/6] 689.1 [6/6] [6/6] 1593.5 [6/6] [6/6] 366.4 ± 23.4 0.638 ± 0.153 9.1 ± 1.6 33.7 ± 22.0 434.2 ± 54.0 3.422 ± 0.271 1102.5 ± 62.9 0.429 ± 0.036 Call A (253.4–490.4) (0.289–0.886) (7–18) 9 – – (0–86.1) 43.0 (409.1–646.0) (3.090–4.130) (1055.1–1313.5) (0.317–0.508) Physalaemus 368.3 [57/10] 0.814 [72/72] [60/60] [69/69] 409.1 [80/80] 3.350 [80/80] 155.1 [80/80] 0.454 [80/80] crombiei Call B 335.9 ± 9.4 (307.3–350.3) 342.0 [102/1] 0.318 ± 0.147 (0.214–0.421) [2/2] 7 ± 5.7 (3–11) [2/2] – – 210.9 ± 33.1 (187.5–234.3) [2/2] 1347.7 ± 895.0 (714.8–1980.5) [2/2] 4.890 ± 1.348 (3.937–5.843) [2/2] 1300.8± 381.2 (1031.2–1570.3) [2/2] 0.299 ± 0.019 (0.286–0.313) [2/2] 281.4 ± 12.9 0.837 ± 0.026 21.7 ± 1.4 17.2 ± 24.3 344.5 ± 0.0 2.418 ± 0.031 862.7 ± 7.9 0.337± 0.023 Call A (180.0–294.0) (0.781–0.886) (20–24) 22 – – (0.0–86.2) 0.0 (344.5–344.5) (2.357–2.511) (861.3–904.4) (0.307–0.378) Physalaemus 282.0 [199/3] 0.810 [30/30] [6/6] [30/30] 344.5 [30/30] 2.398 [30/30] 861.3 [30] 0.314 [30/30] signifer 233.4 ± 21.0 0.871 ± 0.162 14.2 ± 4.9 25.8 ± 127.9 605.1 ± 126.6 3.710 ± 0.188 936.7 ± 58.5 0.404 ± 0.035 Call B (195.7–305.9) (0.531–0.961) (10–24) 10 – – (-258.4–193.8) (495.3–904.4) (3.516–4.163) (882.9–1033.6) (0.348–0.480) 221.3 [104/1] [10/10] [10/10] 64.6 [10/10] 516.8 [10/10] 3.629 [10/10] 904.4 [10/10] [10/10] ...Continued on the next page Proportion Dominant Dominant Species Call Type Fundamental Frequency (Hz) Amplitude Peak Position Number Cycles Frequency Beginning of Frequency End of the Frequency Delta Call (Hz) Bandwidth (Hz) Entropy (bits) Center Frequency (Hz) IQR Proportion (s) Call the Call (Hz) Call (Hz) 775.4 ± 280.3 0.714 ± 0.029 5.9 ± 0.4 218.2 ± 207.5 1280.5 ± 57.5 5.025 ± 0.229 3255.8 ± 51.0 0.410 ± 0.092 Call A (283.0–1408.5) (0.662–0.758) (5–6) 6 – – (0–732.1) 0.0 (1162.8–1378.1) (4.57–5.352) (3186.9–3359.2) (0.244–0.506) Physalaemus [16/3] 0.745 [15/15] [15/15] [15/15] 1292.0 [15/15] [15/15] 3230.0 [15/15] 0.434 [15/15] bokermanni 988.8 ± 251.6 0.055 ± 0.034 27.6 ± 4.3 37.5 ± 416.0 2325.0 ± 1167.8 3.949 ± 0.165 3818.8 ± 55.7 0.344 ± 0.099 Call B (524.1–1661.1) (0.002–0.114) (21–38) 29 – – (-750.0–468.8) (1500.0–5437.5) (3.731–4.189) (3750.0–3937.5) (0.205–0.558) 802.6 [58/1] 0.046 [15/15] [15/15] 468.8 [15/15] 1687.5 [15/15] [15/15] 3843.8 [15/15] [15/15] 406.9 ± 29.7 0.764 ± 0.070 29.9 ± 2.1 58.0 ± 97.7 467.1 ± 128.4 3.006 ± 0.253 1643.1 ± 33.6 0.365 ± 0.062 Call A (303.2–436.1) (0.598–0.911) (24–34) 30 – – (-46.9–234.4) 0.0 (234.4–703.1) (2.382–3.274) (1593.8–1687.5) (0.166–0.470) Physalaemus 415.8 [53/1] 0.743 [55/55] [46/46] [38/38] 515.6 [57/57] 3.120 [57/57] 1640.6 [57/57] 0.350 [57/57] angrensis 315.9 ± 34.5 0.783 ± 0.079 133.4 ± 65.8 439.9 ± 40.8 2.439 ± 0.109 1135.8 ± 51.2 0.320 ± 0.057 Call B (164.2–479.4) (0.670–0.867) – – – (0.0–234.4) (375.0–468.8) (2.304–2.608) (1078.1–1265.6) (0.253–0.404) 323.0 [54/1] 0.867 [13/13] 140.6 [13/13] 468.8 [13/13] [13/13] 1125.0 [13/13] [13/13] Physalaemus atlanticus Call A 443.6 ± 31.5 (278.6–465.8) 451.9 [58/1] 0.526 ± 0.033 (0.486–0.583) [12/12] 59.8 ± 4.7 (53–67) 61 [6/6] – – 46.7 ± 64.8 (- 43.0–172.3) 43.0 [12/12] 624.5 ± 22.5 (602.9–646.0) 602.9 [12/12] 3.959 ± 0.038 (3.886–4.015) 3.967 [12/12] 1202.3 ± 28.8 (1162.8–1248.9) 1205.9 [12/12] 0.376 ± 0.015 (0.359–0.400 0.359 [12/12] 234.9 ± 34.7 0.539 ± 0.088 22.6 ± 1.9 36.9 ± 46.0 572.2 ± 21.0 3.656 ± 0.054 1015.1 ± 23.0 0.345 ± 0.015 Call A (149.0–390.8) (0.440–0.711) (19–24) 24 – – (-43.1–86.1) 43.1 (559.9–602.9) (3.589–3.756) (990.5–1033.6) (0.317–0.359) Physalaemus 234.9 [81/2] 0.528 [7/7] [7/7] [7/7] 559.9 [7/7] [7/7] 1033.6 [7/7] [7/7] moreirae 283.3 ± 67.3 Call B (191.4–596.3) 0.875 [1/1] – – – -172.3 [1/1] 602.9 [1/1] 3.356 [1/1] 947.5 [1/1] 0.537 [1/1] 284.4 [34/1] Physalaemus fernandezae Call A 3044.8 ± 119.5 (2885.4–3230.0) 3057.7 [20/20] 0.918 ± 0.037 (0.836–0.976) 0.925 [14//14] 20.7 ± 6.1 (9–29) [7/7] – – 447.9 ± 147.5 (172.3–775.2) 516.8 [20/20] 318.7 ± 92.1 (129.2–473.7) 258.4 [20/20] 2.424 ± 0.570 (1.547–3.682) [20/20] 2952.2 ± 60.1 (2885.4–3057.7) 2928.5 [20/20] 0.293 ± 0.158 (0.145–0.836) 0.213 [20/20] Physalaemus henselii Call A 1857.7 ± 130.5 (1687.5–2156.2) 1781.2 [38/38] 0.507 ± 0.102 (0.361–0.949) 0.532 [38/38] 19.8 ± 2.9 (14–31) 19 [30/30] – – 39.5 ± 110.3 (- 187.6–281.3) 0.0 [38/38] 1458.1 ± 222.0 (843.8–1781.2) 1593.8 [38/38] 3.484 ± 0.199 (3.000–3.892) [38/38] 1897.2 ± 50.8 (1781.2–1968.8) 1875.0 [38/38] 0.528 ± 0.072 (0.343–0.674) 0.383 [38/38] ...Continued on the next page Species Call Type Fundamental Frequency (Hz) Proportion Amplitude Peak Position Call Number Cycles Dominant Frequency Beginning of the Call (Hz) Dominant Frequency End of the Call (Hz) Frequency Delta Call (Hz) Bandwidth (Hz) Entropy (bits) Center Frequency (Hz) IQR Proportion (s) Physalaemus albonotatus Call A 530.4 ± 39.3 (421.8–784.9) 511.2 [337/1] 0.734 ± 0.005 (0.731–0.737) [2/2] 34.4 ± 0.5 (34–35) 34 [5/5] 632.8 ± 37.4 (562.5–656.2) 556.2 [12/12] 2539.0 ± 62.7 (2437.5–2625.0) 2531.2 [12/12] -183.5 ± 13.5 (-187.5– -140.6) -187.4[12/12] 1921.9 ± 81.2 (1781.2–1968.8) 1968.8 [7/7] 3.099 ± 0.048 (3.000–3.153) [7/7] 2075.9 ± 282.2 (1875.0–2484.4) 1875.0 [7/7] 0.422 ± 0.025 (0.396–0.459) [7/7] Physalaemus cuqui Call A 506.8 ± 39.4 (406.8–597.4) 479.4 [320/1] 0.689 ± 0.032 (0.630–0.735) [11/11] 28.6 ± 2.3 (25–32) 29 [9/9] 520.7 ± 13.0 (516.8–559.9) 516.8 [11/11] 2842.4 ± 0.0 (2842.4–2842.4) 2842.4 [11/11] -159.3 ± 20.8 (-172.3– -129.2) -172.2 [10/10] 2435.2 ± 22.5 (2411.7–2454.8) 2454.8 [11/11] 3.139 ± 0.041 (3.077–3.201) 3.201 [11/11] 2689.7 ± 64.9 (2584.0–2756.2) 2756.2 [11/11] 0.264 ± 0.016 (0.242–0.293) 0.259 [11/11] Physalaemus atim Call A 425.4 ± 57.2 (386.0–594.5) 385.4 [354/2] 0.595 ± 0.162 (0.354–0.694) [4/4] 23.7 ± 2.5 (21–26) [3/3] 468.4 ± 35.9 (430.7–516.8) 473.7 [8/8] 2261.0 ± 115.1 (1981.1–2325.6) 2282.5 [8/8] -143.6 ± 22.3 (-172.3– -129.2) -129.2 [6/6] 2654.0 ± 1287.3 (1248.9–4263.6) 1593.5 [8/8] 3.761 ± 0.322 (3.240–4.131) [8/8] 2201.8 ± 155.2 (1938.0–2325.6) 2282.5 [8/8] 0.334 ± 0.034 (0.271–0.384) [8/8] Physalaemus albifrons Call A 467.6 ± 73.5 (315.1–542.9) 525.2 [118/2] 0.527 ± 0.043 (0.423–0.591) 0.486 [42/42] – 1053.5 ± 27.9 (984.4–1078.1) 1078.1 [42/42] 2573.6 ± 52.6 (2437.5–2671.9) 2578.1 [42/42] -171.9 ± 22.3 (-187.5– -140.6) -187.5 [42/42] 2284.6 ± 155.0 (1968.8–2531.2) 2390.6 [42/42] 3.797 ± 0.051 (3.701–3.913) 3.808 [42/42] 2602.7 ± 49.9 (2484.4–2718.8) 2578.1 [42/42] 0.239 ± 0.010 (0.218–0.261) 0.232 [42/42] Physalaemus erikae Call A 419.3 ± 63.7 (507.3–642.3) 634.5 [251/2] 0.504 ± 0.022 (0.475–0.523) [4/4] – 585.7 ± 35.4 (559.9–624.5) 559.9 [5/5] 3113.7 ± 133.3 (2907.0–3230.0) [5/5] -211.0 ± 35.4 (-236.9– -172.2) -236.9 [5/5] 2545.2 ± 224.5 (2239.5–2756.2) [5/5] 4.109 ± 0.172 (3.912–4.374) [5/5] 2734.7 ± 79.1 (2605.5–2799.3) 2777.8 [5/5] 0.295 ± 0.020 (0.269–0.315) 0.315 [5/5] Physalaemus kroyeri Call A 484.5 ± 66.6 (366.3–611.6) 452.9 [309/2] 0.220 ± 0.013 (0.207–0.250) 0.211 [10/10] – 468.8 ± 0 (468.8–468.8) 468.8 [10/10] 2578.1 ± 91.1 (2343.8–2625.0) 2625.0 [10/10] -187.5 ± 0 (–187.5– -187.5) -187.5 [10/10] 1706.3 ± 196.6 (1593.8–2250.0) 1687.5 [10/10] 2.981 ± 0.045 (2.900–3.039) [10/10] 2184.4 ± 63.3 (2062.5–2250.0) 2156.2 [10/10] 0.341 ± 0.009 (0.326–0.354) [10/10] Physalaemus centralis Call A 93.9 ± 13.8 (75.5–122.1) 100.0 [122/6] 0.480 ± 0.026 (0.426–0.536) 0.459 [17/17] – 532.2 ± 43.6 (468.8–562.5) 562.5 [17/17] 1453.1 ± 33.2 (1406.2–1500.0) 1453.1 [17/17] -49.6 ± 35.1 (-93.8–0.0) -46.8 [17/17] 874.1 ± 40.4 (796.9–937.5) 843.8 [17/17] 3.956 ± 0.060 (3.815–4.067) 3.950 [17/17] 1364.9 ± 22.7 (1312.5–1406.2) 1359.4 [17/17] 0.252 ± 0.015 (0.231–0.282) 0.236 [17/17] Physalaemus cuvieri Call A 649.1 ± 106.7 (506.8–886.5) 604.6 [112/2] 0.371 ± 0.026 (0.334–0.451) 0.360 [55/55] – 759.3 ± 25.3 (689.1–775.2) 775.2 [57/57] 1748.4 ± 213.3 (1335.1–1938.0) 1938.0 [57/57] -240.3 ± 28.1 (-258.4– -129.2) -258.4 [57/57] 658.1 ± 41.3 (559.9–732.1) 646.0 [57/57] 2.140 ± 0.115 (2.019–2.761) 2.073 [57/57] 738.9 ± 30.2 (689.1–775.2) 732.1 [57/57] 0.197 ± 0.013 (0.169–0.238) 0.197 [57/57] ...Continued on the next page Species Call Type Fundamental Frequency (Hz) Proportion Amplitude Peak Position Call Number Cycles Dominant Frequency Beginning of the Call (Hz) Dominant Frequency End of the Call (Hz) Frequency Delta Call (Hz) Bandwidth (Hz) Entropy (bits) Center Frequency (Hz) IQR Proportion (s) Physalaemus ephippifer Call A 586.2 ± 163.7 (420.7–1252.3) 836.8 [224/2] 0.251 ± 0.013 (0.232–0.286) 0.255 [18/18] 8.2 ± 0.7 (6–9) 8 [18/18] 815.9 ± 10.2 (775.2–818.3) 818.3 [18/18] 2619.9 ± 22.2 (2584.0–2670.1) 2627.1 [18/18] -339.7 ± 13.9 (- 344.5– -301.4) -344.5 [18/18] 2167.7 ± 20.9 (2153.3–2196.4) 2153.3 [18/18] 3.104 ± 0.073 (2.990–3.261) [18/18] 1210.7 ± 79.4 (904.4–1248.9) 1248.9 [18/18] 0.377 ± 0.025 (0.345–0.425) 0.362 [18/18] Physalaemus fischeri Call A 411.1 ± 56.9 (324.5–515.5) 479.4 [262/2] 0.415 ± 0.023 (0.376–0.458) 0.392 [24/24] – 843.8 ± 0.0 (843.8–843.8) 843.8 [24/24] 2167.9 ± 31.7 (2156.2–2250.0) 2156.2 [24/24] -316.4 ± 54.0 (- 375.0– -187.5) -281.3 [24/24] 855.5 ± 115.0 (750.0–1125.0) 750.0 [24/24] 2.295 ± 0.104 (2.108–2.485) 2.311 [24/24] 843.8 ± 0.0 (843.8–843.8) 843.8 [24/24] 0.184 ± 0.005 (0.176–0.197) 0.186 [24/24] Physalaemus cicada Call A 409.2 ± 23.7 (336.4–471.9) 405.0 [80/16] 0.414 ± 0.136 (0.307–0.510) 0.452 [300/300] – 845.6 ± 9.1 (843.8–890.6) 843.8 [52/52] 3136.1 ± 193.4 (2953.1–3421.9) 3000.0 [52/52] -101.8 ± 20.2 (-140.6– -46.9) -93.7 [52/52] 1933.1 ± 162.3 (984.4–2531.2) 2015.6 [2447/2447] 4.578 ± 0.182 (3.576–5.143) 4.669 [2447/2447] 3115.6 ± 182.9 (1500.0–3468.8) 3093.8 [2447/2447] 0.241 ± 0.031 (0.168–0.477) 0.228 [2447/2447] Physalaemus aguirrei Call A 638.6 ± 111.3 (460.8–874.1) 817.7 [113/2] 0.515 ± 0.026 (0.474–0.568) 0.507 [10/10] – 766.1 ± 23.5 (732.1–818.3) 775.2 [33/33] 3036.8 ± 40.5 (2928.5–3100.8) 3014.6 [33/33] -291.0 ± 145.1 (-344.5– - 193.8) -323.0 [33/33] 2807.3 ± 270.1 (2454.8–3187.5) 3187.5 [53/53] 3.972 ± 0.698 (2.919–4.996) 3.108 [53/53] 2892.1 ± 296.5 (2368.7–3375.0) 3187.5 [53/53] 0.339 ± 0.023 (0.273–0.400) 0.331 [53/53] Physalaemus soaresi Call A 603.8 ± 27.2 (348.1–634.9) 613.5 [490/1] 0.499 ± 0.010 (0.491–0.511) [3/3] 22.5 ± 3.5 (20–25) [2/2] – – 143.6 ± 49.7 (86.2–172.3) [3/3] 1449.9 ± 587.9 (818.3–1981.1) [3/3] 2.912 ± 0.118 (2.788–3.023) [3/3] 2856.7 ± 163.1 (2670.1–2971.6) [3/3] 0.387 ± 0.074 (0.321–0.466) [3/3] Physalaemus maximus Call A 166.0 ± 12.8 (148.7–359.3) 165.1 [328/2] 0.684 ± 0.182 (0.411–0.896) [10/10] 22 ± 0.0 (22–22) 22 [3/3] – – 42.1 ± 16.5 (15.6–62.4) 46.8 [10/10] 700.0 ± 28.4 (656.2–734.4) 718.8 [10/10] 3.547 ± 0.098 (3.370–3.674) [10/10] 1071.9 ± 74.8 (1000.0–1171.9) [10/10] 0.362 ± 0.053 (0.285–0.429) [10/10] Physalaemus feioi Call A 327.0 ± 39.3 (153.8–424.4) 343.9 [159/1] 0.716 ± 0.165 (0.417–0.875) [6/6] 55.3 ± 6.0 (49–64) 58 [8/8] – – 156.2 ± 164.5 (0.0–406.2) 93.7 [8/8] 1574.2 ± 1074.5 (750.0–3093.8) 781.2 [8/8] 4.121 ± 0.307 (3.570–4.394) [8/8] 2445.3 ± 14.5 (2437.5–2468.8) 2437.5 [8/8] 0.445 ± 0.045 (0.386–0.532) [8/8] ...Continued on the next page Species Call Type Fundamental Frequency (Hz) Proportion Amplitude Peak Position Call Number Cycles Dominant Frequency Beginning of the Call (Hz) Dominant Frequency End of the Call (Hz) Frequency Delta Call (Hz) Bandwidth (Hz) Entropy (bits) Center Frequency (Hz) IQR Proportion (s) Physalaemus orophilus Call A 294.3 ± 35.7 (92.1–631.7) 298.5 [301/1] 0.663 ± 0.258 (0.214–0.960) 0.874 [33/33] 57.4 ± 2.0 (55–61) 58 [7/7] – – 276.8 ± 105.1 (172.2–473.8) 171.2 [7/7] 1033.9 ± 560.1 (468.8–1981.1) 796.9 [37/37] 3.984 ± 0.589 (3.366–4.969) 4.953 [37/37] 2848.9 ± 60.2 (2713.2–2928.5) 2906.2 [37/37] 0.434 ± 0.049 (0.195–0.520) 0.431 [37/37] Physalaemus lateristriga Call A 170.0 ± 9.1 (126.9–191.0) 167.2 [111/1] 0.630 ± 0.127 (0.326–0.827) [25/25] 29.0 ± 1.4 (28–30) [2/2] – – 40.8 ± 81.1 (-125.0–187.5) 31.2 [13/13] 933.8 ± 69.5 (781.2–1031.2) 1000.0 [25/25] 3.893 ± 0.079 (3.754–4.038) 3.760 [25/25] 1763.7 ± 36.2 (1656.2–1812.5) 1781.2 [25/25] 0.394 ± 0.017 (0.369–0.442) 0.396 [25/25] Physalaemus olfersii Call A 147.4 ± 8.8 (94.5–177.9) 146.1 [320/1] 0.113 ± 0.119 (0.011–0.437) 0.016 [23/23] ? – – 145.1 ± 80.6 (43.0–366.1) 236.9 [23/23] 953.1 ± 43.7 (882.9–1055.1) 925.9 [23/23] 4.388 ± 0.095 (4.241–4.600) 4.406 [23/23] 1789.1 ± 65.5 (1722.7–1938.0) 1744.2 [23/23] 0.462 ± 0.040 (0.368–0.498) 0.472 [23/23] Physalaemus riograndensis Call A 1021.1 ± 80.0 (866.6– 1254.7) 1089.3 [718/2] 0.552 ± 0.059 (0.454–0.712) 0.540 [20/20] – 975.5 ± 25.3 (947.5–1033.6) 990.5 [20/20] 3279.5 ± 219.7 (2971.6–3488.4) 3445.3 [20/20] -223.9 ± 26.5 (-258.4– -172.2) -215.3 [20/20] 254.1 ± 13.3 (215.3–258.4) 258.4 [20/20] 1.84 ± 0.057 (1.770–1.965) [20/20] 984.1 ± 21.1 (947.5–1033.6) 990.5 [20/20] 0.267 ± 0.011 (0.238–0.283) 0.274 [20/20] Physalaemus biligonigerus Call A 572.5 ± 95.7 (413.1–843.2) [344/2] 0.371 ± 0.067 (0.307–0.612) 0.370 [18/18] – 638.8 ± 16.5 (602.9–646.0) 646.0 [18/18] 2660.6 ± 80.3 (2454.8–2885.4) 2670.1 [18/18] -313.4 ± 19.9 (-344.5– -301.4) -301.4 [18/18] 2416.5 ± 25.1 (2368.7–2454.8) 2411.7 [18/18] 2.838 ± 0.079 (2.769–3.120) [18/18] 648.4 ± 17.9 (602.9–689.1) 646.0 [18/18] 0.303 ± 0.014 (0.281–0.338) 0.294 [18/18] Physalaemus marmoratus Call A 512.7 ± 55.4 (419.1–618.0) 498.8 [448/2] 0.292 ± 0.051 (0.221–0.468) [23/23] – 515.6 ± 0 (515.6–515.6) 515.6 [23/23] 1705.8 ± 74.4 (1640.6–1875.0) 1640.6 [23/23] -148.8 ± 43.9 (-187.5– -46.9) -187.5 [23/23] 1306.4 ± 205.9 (703.1–1687.5) 1312.5 [23/23] 2.284 ± 0.103 (2.032–2.475) 2.319 [23/23] 525.8 ± 19.8 (515.6–562.5) [23/23] 0.294 ± 0.037 (0.226–0.350) 0.276 [23/23] Physalaemus santafecinus Call A 493.7 ± 80.2 (369.0–728.9) 446.6 [258/3] 0.729 ± 0.020 (0.679–0.771) 0.726 [20/20] – 516.8 ± 24.2 (473.7–559.9) 516.8 [20/20] 2500.0 ± 172.5 (2110.3–2670.1) 2540.9 [20/20] -234.7 ± 22.0 (-258.4– -215.3) -215.3 [20/20] 2209.3 ± 24.6 (2153.3–2239.5) 2196.4 [20/20] 2.491 ± 0.038 (2.391–2.559) 2.489 [20/20] 1037.9 ± 669.4 (516.8–2110.3) 559.9 [20/20] 0.364 ± 0.063 (0.193–0.426) 0.384 [20/20] ...Continued on the next page Species Call Type Fundamental Frequency (Hz) Proportion Amplitude Peak Position Call Number Cycles Dominant Frequency Beginning of the Call (Hz) Dominant Frequency End of the Call (Hz) Frequency Delta Call (Hz) Bandwidth (Hz) Entropy (bits) Center Frequency (Hz) IQR Proportion (s) Physalaemus carrizorum Call A 459.9 ± 64.4 (379.5–758.7) 441.9 [1219/2] 0.687 ± 0.300 (0.192–0.915) [10/10] – 579.2 ± 76.3 (473.7–667.5) 646.0 [10/10] 1886.3 ± 1038.2 (387.6–2648.6) 387.6 [10/10] -183.0 ± 53.9 (-236.8– -107.6) -236.8 [10/10] 2146.9 ± 1141.3 (409.1–4780.4) 2217.9 [10/10] 2.791 ± 0.504 (1.925–3.656) [10/10] 1651.6 ± 852.3 (409.1–2304.1) 2217.9 [10/10] 0.361 ± 0.058 (0.275–0.432) [10/10] Physalaemus gracilis Call A 507.1 ± 52.4 (371.7–633.3) 496.0 [266/2] 0.706 ± 0.125 (0.422–0.831) 0.547 [20/20] – 600.8 ± 9.6 (559.9–602.9) 602.9 [20/20] 2612.0 ± 218.4 (2110.3–2756.2) 2670.1 [20/20] -221.8 ± 37.7 (-258.4– -172.2) -258.4 [20/20] 1789.4 ± 242.6 (1335.1–2239.5) 1894.9 [20/20] 3.003 ± 0.120 (2.828–3.345) [20/20] 2573.2 ± 171.1 (2196.4–2713.2) 2627.1 [20/20] 0.321 ± 0.052 (0.210–0.404) [20/20] Physalaemus lisei Call A 484.2 ± 48.9 (433.8–1254.7) 470.4 [614/2] 0.975 ± 0.008 (0.953–0.988) [11/11] 25.0 ± 1.4 (24–26) [2/2] 967.0 ± 22.5 (947.5–990.5) 947.5 [11/11] 2415.6 ± 40.6 (2325.6–2454.8) 2411.7 [11/11] -31.3 ± 38.9 (-129.2–0) 0 [11/11] 2247.3 ± 136.0 (2024.1–2368.7) 2325.6 [11/11] 3.271 ± 0.065 (3.215–3.405) [11/11] 2270.8 ± 168.0 (1981.1–2368.7) 2368.7 [11/11] 0.467 ± 0.039 (0.403–0.511) [11/11] Physalaemus evangelistai Call A 541.7 ± 56.5 (394.2–897.7) 519.5 [562/2] 0.686 ± 0.072 (0.538–0.830) [30/30] 9.5 ± 2.2 (5–12) 12 [10/10] 691.8 ± 40.6 (624.5–732.1) 710.6 [8/8] 2551.7 ± 75.5 (2411.7–2605.5) 2605.5 [8/8] -304.2 ± 59.2 (-409.1– -193.8) -301.5 [8/8] 2436.3 ± 79.8 (2174.9–2625.0) 2437.5 [38/38] 2.672 ± 0.169 (2.503–3.273) 2.593 [38/38] 2700.7 ± 210.2 (2045.7–2906.2) 2812.5 [38/38] 0.356 ± 0.070 (0.221–0.484) [38/38] Physalaemus barrioi Call A 462.2 ± 37.6 (405.5–684.9) 444.6 [298/1] 0.632 ± 0.164 (0.320–0.887) 0.376 [29/29] – 514.9 ± 68.1 (430.7–646.0) 473.7 [23/23] 2136.5 ± 211.7 (1808.8–2713.2) 2153.3 [23/23] -277.1 ± 50.0 (-387.6– -172.3) -258.4 [23/23] 2078.4 ± 330.9 (1378.1–2627.1) 2196.4 [23/23] 2.927 ± 0.496 (2.143–3.836) [23/23] 1593.4 ± 779.3 (473.7–2196.4) 2153.3 [23/23] 0.387 ± 0.078 (0.314–0.601) [23/23] Physalaemus jordanensis Call A 450.5 ± 71.6 (330.8–997.0) 426.4 [219/1] 0.808 ± 0.066 (0.580–0.886) [43/43] 31.3 ± 8.3 (16–38) 30 [6/6] 583.0 ± 67.4 (468.8–703.1) 562.5 [43/43] 2402.7 ± 78.7 (2109.4–2670.1) 3390.6 [43/43] -305.4 ± 54.3 (-387.6– -172.2) -328.1 [43/43] 2211.9 ± 83.9 (1938.0–2343.8) 2156.2 [43/43] 2.927 ± 0.098 (2.757–3.210) 2.884 [43/43] 1958.5 ± 378.1 (602.9–2156.2) 2062.5 [43/43] 0.451 ± 0.044 (0.302–0.530) 0.468 [43/43] Call B ( Fig. 5 E–F and 6A). We examined one recording, a total of one minute, with six calls from two males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2 ). Call duration varies from 0.375 to 0.675 s . The call rise is longer than the fall with a long regular sustain or shallow valley separating them; the shallow valley yields two amplitude peaks at the beginning and end of the call. The amplitude peak is at around the end of the first two thirds of the call duration ( i.e. , second amplitude peak). Depending on the slope of the sustain and the difference between the peaks, the envelope of the call can vary from rectangular to triangular (pointed left; Fig. 5E ). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 34 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a slight PAM (there is no silence interval between the peaks; Fig. 5E ). The rate of the PAM is ca. 32 Hz, forming ca. 13 amplitude peaks throughout the call. The call is composed of harmonics ( Fig. 6A ). Usually the harmonics are clear, however, eventual decreases of the wave periodicity make the harmonics less clear. Audiospectrograms with relatively broad filter bandwidths ( e.g. , above 100 Hz) can show wave peaks, of some parts of the call with low fundamental frequencies (minimum 123 Hz; see Table 2 ), as broadband pulses (instantaneously high sound-pressure effect; see Littlejohn 2001 ). The fundamental frequency is usually ca. 240 Hz and it can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The dominant frequency varies from ca . 1030 to 1310 Hz ( Fig. 5F ). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the eighth, but it is usually the fourth or the fifth harmonic. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 800 and 1600 Hz ( ca. three harmonics). The frequency bands have a general upward FM throughout the call with a up-downward FM segment at the beginning forming arc-shaped bands in this part of the call and a short downward FM segment at the end ( Fig. 5F ). There are irregular PFM segments throughout the entire call; these segments are usually synchronic and directly proportional to the PAM ( Fig. 5E, F ).