Bioacoustics of Leptodactylidae

Adenomera juikitam ( Fig. 5F ). We found specimens in the study area with morphometric values and morphologic characters overlapping with the description of Adenomera juikitam ( Carvalho & Giaretta 2013 ) . Despite that, we observed differences in the fundamental and dominant frequency peaks in the advertisement call from Caseara (2906.2–3187.5 Hz and 5343.8–5812.5 Hz) and the original description from Teresina de Goiás municipality, state of Goiás (1880–2110 Hz and 3700–4170 Hz) ( Fig. 9D , Table S3 ). In the study area, this species was found in sympatry with the congeneric species A. cotuba . Physalaemus sp. (gr. cuvieri ) ( Fig. 7A ). The genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 has a complex taxonomic history, and some authors highlight the presence of cryptic lineages under the name of P. cuvieri Fitzinger, 1826 ( Lourenço et al . 2015 ; Oliveira Miranda et al . 2019 ; Nascimento et al . 2019 ). Lourenço et al . (2015) recovered three unnamed lineages of Physalaemus cuvieri , including one population from Porto Nacional municipality, Tocantins state (named therein as “lineage 3”), ~ 230 km southeastern from Caseara municipality. According to our molecular data, Physalaemus sp. (gr. cuvieri ) was recovered as the sister taxon of lineage 3, with a genetic distance ranging from 11.2% to 12.3% (Supplementary material, Table S5). The advertisement call of Physalaemus sp. (gr. cuvieri ) is composed by one single non-pulsed note, with six harmonics characterized by descending frequency modulation. The call presents duration ranges from 0.36– 0.78 s (0.67 ± 0.1 s ), dominant frequency ranges from 689.1–818.3 Hz (719.3 Hz ± 44.8). The minimum frequency ranges from 516.8–602.9 Hz (557.1 Hz ± 13.9) and the maximum frequency ranges from 1421.2–2153.3 Hz (1595.3 Hz ± 185.3) ( Fig. 9E , Table S3 ). The taxonomic status of P. cuvieri remains unclear, especially because there are several uncertainties on its type series and type locality. This scenario hampers the definition of which these lineages should bear the name P. cuvieri and which ones should be described as new species. In any case, in this study we first diagnose the Caseara population as an additional lineage of the P. cuvieri complex.