Bioacoustics of Phrurolithus

Comments. A study of all illustrated descriptions of East Asian species currently assigned to Phrurolithus enabled us to recognize that all of them are misplaced and appear to be morphologically closer to Otacilia by lacking long retroventral and short retrolateral tibial apophyses, and having light colouration with transverse abdominal bars (in most of the species). It is worth mentioning that the male of the type species, O. armatissima Thorell, 1897 , remains unknown. Since the morphology of the male palp is different from that of P. festivus , we transfer 27 Phrurolithus species to Otacilia , hence the following new combinations: Otacilia annula (Zhou, Wang & Zhang, 2013) comb. n. , O. antica (Wang, Chen, Zhou, Zhang & Zhang, 2015) comb. n. , O. bifida (Yin, Ubick, Bao & Xu, 2004) comb. n. , O. cangshan (Yang, Fu, Zhang & Zhang, 2010) comb. n. , O. celata (Fu, Chen & Zhang, 2016) comb. n. , O. clavata (Yao, Irfan & Peng, 2019) comb. n. , O. coreana (Paik, 1991) comb. n. , O. dianchiensis ( Yin, Peng, Gong & Kim, 1997 ) comb. n. , O. fanjingshan (Wang, Chen, Zhou, Zhang & Zhang, 2015) comb. n. , O. fausta (Paik, 1991) comb. n. , O. hamata (Wang, Zhang & Zhang, 2012) comb. n. , O. involuta (Yao, Irfan & Peng, 2019) comb. n. , O. longa (Fu, Chen & Zhang, 2016) comb. n. , O. nigera ( Yin, 2012 ) comb. n. , O. palgongensis (Seo, 1988) comb. n. , O. pennata (Yaginuma, 1967) comb. n. , O. qiqiensis (Yin, Ubick, Bao & Xu, 2004) comb. n. , O. splendida (Song & Zheng, 1992) comb. n. , O. squamaca (Yao, Irfan & Peng, 2019) comb. n. , O. subannula (Fu, Chen & Zhang, 2016) comb. n. , O. subnigera (Fu, Chen & Zhang, 2016) comb. n. , O. taoyuan (Fu, Chen & Zhang, 2016) comb. n. , O. valida (Fu, Chen & Zhang, 2016) comb. n. , O. wanshou ( Yin, 2012 ) comb. n. , O. zhejiangensis (Song & Kim, 1991) comb. n. , O. zhouyun (Wang, Chen, Zhou, Zhang & Zhang, 2015) comb. n. , O. zongxu (Wang, Zhang & Zhang, 2012) comb. n. , all ex. Phrurolithus . It is worth noting that all of the Nearctic Phrurolithus species seem to be misplaced in the genus ( Platnick 2019 ). Although these species have a digitiform femoral extension, large retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA) with two arms, and spiniform embolus, the retroventral apophysis is missing, and instead, there is a large RTA. Species with a digitiform femoral extension and a large two-armed RTA may belong to Scotinella Banks, 1911 . The type species of this genus, S. pallida Banks, 1911 , is only known from the female, and its unknown male may have palpal modifications like those mentioned. Note. Homology of two palpal sclerites in Phrurolithus is unclear to us, and we call them terminal (located mesally, closer to the embolus) and subterminal (retrolateral). Since the terminal one is strongly sclerotized, it cannot be homologized with a conductor, even though it is located close to the embolus, and although the subterminal apophysis originates from the tegulum, it cannot be called a “median (=tegular)” apophysis, because it does not have a flexible connection with the tegulum.