Bioacoustics of Phlebogryllacris venosa

Description. Male. Habitus as in Fig. 5 . Head not enlarged, barely wider than the pronotum width ( Fig. 6A ), with length circa 0.3 times of pronotum length. Vertex of fastigium not raised, with apex truncated, about twice the width of antennal scapus ( Fig. 6A ). Eye black, oval and prominent, with length in profile circa 1.5 times the length of scapus, and width in profile slightly shorter than length of scapus; median ocellus pyriform and large ( Fig. 6C ). Ocelli large, relatively close to one another ( Fig. 6C ). Frons and genae smooth ( Figs. 6B, 6C ). Maxillary palps long and slender, apical, subapical, and third segments subequal length. Labrum oval, with ventral apex emarginated ( Fig. 6C ). Pronotal disc smooth, longer than wide; anterior margin convex in the middle, with a straight transverse sulcus anteriorly; swollen in the middle with slightly distinct longitudinal sulcus; swollen laterally at the posterior end with straight transverse sulcus just before posterior margin; posterior margin feebly emarginated in the middle ( Fig. 6A ). Lateral lobe also smooth, circa 2 times longer than deep, with four swollen sections separated by a deep sinuous sulcus; ventro-anterior angle broadly rounded, ventral margin slightly sinuous, ventral angle angular, and posterior margin straight to slightly sinuous ( Fig. 6B ). Prosternum unarmed. Lobes of mesosternum and metasternum barely raised, but each with subacute projection pointing posteriorly. Anterior coxa with a stout and slightly curved spine. Anterior and middle femora unarmed, anterior and middle tibiae with 4–5 subapical ventral spurs on each margin; spurs longest in the middle. Posterior femur with circa 9 subapical spines on outer margin and circa 14 on inner margin. Tegmen with anterior margin roundly produced basally, followed by deeply emargination between distal most precostal vein and costa vein. Tegminal venation unique ( Fig. 6D ): three precostal veins simple and ending near margin. Costal vein simple. Radial vein three-branched; forked slightly before middle; one branch forked before apex. Radial sector diverges from radial vein near middle, forked into two branches in the middle; each branch forked again, one nearer to base and the other nearer to apex. Medial and cubitus veins united basally, then branched off. Medial vein forked again near its base. Four stridulatory rows on first and second abdominal tergites, two on each tergite. Anterior row nearly straight, with 13 peg-like teeth; second row on first tergite angularly bent, with circa 18 teeth; third row straight, with 19 teeth; posterior row straight, with circa 20 teeth. Eighth abdominal tergite not enlarged. Ninth abdominal tergite depressed in the posterior half (may appear angular emarginated when dried—see Fig. 6E ); posterior margin convex in the middle, shallowly emarginated lateral of the middle lobe; with lateral spine-like sclerotized process, slightly curved ( Figs. 6E, 6F ). Tenth abdominal tergite transverse; posterior margin angularly emarginated in the middle with two lateral spine-like sclerotized processes; process strongly curved externally, shorter than the lateral process of ninth abdominal tergite ( Figs. 6F, 6G ). Epiproct concealed beneath tenth abdominal tergite, transverse, tongue-shaped in the middle with gently rounded apex but with two lateral lobes broadly rounded ( Fig. 6F ). Cercus long and slender, cylindrical and setose, with subacute apex ( Fig. 6F ). Subgenital plate wider than long; anterior margin broadly and strongly emarginated; lateral margins convex, posterior margin with a middle lobe, laterally forming a lobe where stylus is inserted, roundly emarginated between stylus and middle lobe; middle lobe on posterior margin slightly shorter than long at base, surpassing and wider at base than lateral lobe, apex narrowly incised ( Fig. 6H ). Stylus stout, with obtuse apex ( Fig. 6H ). Colouration. Head, pronotum and legs entirely blood red ( Fig. 5 ). Head with frons, mandible, palps, and labrum blood red. Eyes black. Ocelli yellow ( Fig. 6C ). Antennal segments (including scapus) also blood red. Tegmen and hind wing slightly hyaline, venation dark red or castaneous ( Fig. 6D ). Spines on ventral margin of posterior femur and on dorsal margin of posterior tibia with tips black. Abdomen orange.

Description. Medium sized species. Head: Face ovoid, rather wide; forehead nearly smooth with very fine transverse riffles; fastigium verticis distinctly wider than scapus, separated by a transverse suture from fastigium frontis; ocelli visible, distinct; with a pair of distinct curved furrows from below ventro-internal angle of antennal scrobae; subocular furrow present ( Fig. 81F ). Abdominal tergites two and three with stridulatory pegs. Wings surpassing hind knees and reaching about to tip of abdomen ( Fig. 81E ). Tegmen with costal area strongly reduced to a short but distinctly projecting flap at baso-internal angle; for the remainder the anterior branch of the subcosta makes the fore margin of the tegmen. Radius with one posterior branch, RS, both forking near tip. Without free MA, either absent or completely fused with R or Cu; media and cubitus anterior probably with common stem, dividing in a curvature into two veins behind basal quarter; the anterior branch divides again before mid-length of tegmen into M and CuA1; cubitus posterior undivided, free throughout; with 4 anal veins. Coloration. General color maroon; basal area of hind femur yellowish brown; thoracic and abdominal tergites except pronotum and last tergites yellowish brown. Face maroon, ocelli yellowish. Tegmen white with dark brown veins and veinlets; hind wing of about same color as fore wings. Male. Eighth abdominal tergite normal, shorter than preceding. Ninth abdominal tergite little prolonged, globular with apical area down-curved; apical margin widely concave in middle, on both sides prolonged and terminating into a compressed, acute spine curved mediad ( Fig. 81G ). Tenth abdominal tergite divided in midline and on both sides prolonged into a posteriorly projecting, acute out-curved spine ( Fig. 81H ). Subgenital plate wider than long, little widening posteriorly; apical margin truncate on both sides, in middle with a projecting lobe with converging margins and slightly bilobate tip; styli inserted at lateral angles of wide area ( Fig. 81I ).