Bioacoustics of Philyra

Philyra adamsii Bell, 1855 Philyra alcocki Kemp, 1915 Philyra angularis Rathbun, 1924 Philyra bicornis Rahayu & Ng, 2003 Philyra concinnus Ghani & Tirmizi, 1955 Philyra corallicola Alcock, 1896 Philyra fuliginosa Targioni-Tozzetti, 1877 Philyra granigera Nobili, 1905 Philyra granulosa Ihle, 1918 Philyra iriomotensis Sakai, 1983 Philyra kanekoi Sakai, 1934 Philyra macrophthalma Bell, 1855 Philyra malefactrix (Kemp, 1915) Philyra marginata A. Milne Edwards, 1873 Philyra misoagana Sakai, 1937 Philyra nishihirai Takeda & Nakasone, 1991 Philyra olivacea Rathbun, 1909 Philyra orbicularis (Bell, 1855) Philyra rectangularis Miers, 1884 Philyra rudis Miers, 1884 Philyra sagittifera ( Alcock, 1896 ) Philyra scabra (Dai, Yang, Song & Chen, 1984) Philyra sexangula Alcock, 1896 Philyra syndactyla Ortmann, 1892 Philyra taekoae Takeda, 1972 Philyra unidentata Stimpson, 1858 Philyra zhoushanensis Chen & Sun, 2002

REMARKS The name and identity of the type species of Philyra “has passed through a remarkable metamorphosis of several stages” ( Holthuis 1962: 238 ). Fabricius (1775) named identically-diagnosed specimens collected “ad littora malabarica Dr. Koenig” first as Cancer globus ( Fabricius 1775: 401 ) , then as C. globosus ( Fabricius 1787: 315 ; 1793: 441 ), and finally as Leucosia globosa ( Fabricius 1798: 349 ) . Bosc (1802: 238) , while translating Fabricius’ diagnosis, introduced yet another permutation, calling the species “ Leucosia globulosa ”. Holthuis (1962: 238) proposed that “ Cancer globus Fabricius, 1775 , Cancer globosus Fabricius, 1787 , and Leucosia globulosa Bosc, 1801 -1802, are subjective synonyms of each other and the name Cancer globus has priority”. Subsequently, Cancer globus Fabricius, 1775 , was placed on the Official List of Generic Names as the “type species, by designation by Milne Edwards, 1837 (in Cuvier’s Règne Anim. (ed. 3, Disciples ed.) 18: pl. 24, fig. 4)”. The type material of Cancer globus consists of two specimens , a male and a female ( Zimsen 1964 ), and as “Fabricius did not indicate any as the holotype (a term that he most likely, even did not know), both specimens are syntypes and a later author may define the identity of the species by selecting one of these as the “ lectotype ” (L. B. Holthuis, in letter, 6 April 2006 ). De Man (1888) was the first to describe Fabricius’ syntypes . He noted differences in their size, form of chelipeds, and pattern of granulation, but considered them “attributable to the large size of the individual, for in its other characters the male perfectly agrees with the female.” (de Man 1888: 203 ). As his own material was similar to the female syntype , de Man assigned it to Philyra globosa . Although he did not selected a lectotype , his identification clearly shows he considered the female syntype the type. A few years later, Alcock (1896: 245) , who examined large numbers of Indian Philyra specimens, realized “that Fabricius’ male is a species quite distinct from his female” and considered it “to be the species named by Milne Edwards […] P. globulosa .”[the male specimen is in fact Lyphira perplexa n. sp. ]. Alcock suggested applying “Milne Edwards name, P. globulosa , to Fabricius’ male type, and to leave the name P. globosa in possession of Fabricius’ female type”. Alcock did not know that H. Milne Edwards’ (1836-1844: pl. 24, fig. 4) P. globulosa is altogether another species, L. heterograna ( Ortmann 1892 ) n. comb. , differing from Fabricius’ male syntype in the regular granulation of its carapacial margins, the form of the third maxilliped, and in lacking the prominent inner angle at the anterior margin of the efferent canals. Though Alcock seemed to favour a solution on that “delicate question of synonymy” that would not offend “the memory of the founder of modern carcinology”, he was aware of its shortcomings. He then offered that “The only other alternative […] to make use of Dr. Henderson’s name P.polita for Fabricius’ female, and to let P. globosa stand for Fabricius’ type.” However, Alcock also did not select a lectotype . Fortunately, Holthuis (1962: 238) undid the knot when he did “definitely select from among Fabricius’s two type specimens of Cancer globus the smaller (the female) specimen as the lectotype of that species; that specimen at the same time is the lectotype of Cancer globosus Fabricius, 1787 , and of Leucosia globulosa Bosc, 1801 -1802”. Therefore, the identity of Milne Edwards’ P. globulosa does not impact “the status of the name globulosa , it remains an objective synonym of Cancer globus Fabr., 1775 .” (L. B. Holthuis, in letter, 6 April 2006 ). The genus Philyra s.s. differs from the newly established genera by its subterminally expanded apical process of the first male pleopod, and the following combination of characters: the external maxilliped exopod subquadrate; the two proximalmost abdominal segments transversely narrow, third to sixth segments fused and lacking abdominal denticle.