Bioacoustics of Pedana hesperia

Measurements . Range and mean (in mm) for 10 males , 5 females (includes smallest and largest specimens). Length of body (including head): male 13.0–15.8 (14.2); female (including ovipositor) 14.4–15.7 (15.0). Length of forewing : male 11.5–13.7 (12.7); female 13.7–14.6 (14.0). Width of head (including eyes): male 3.8–4.7 (4.2); female 4.4–4.7 (4.5). Width of pronotum (across lateral angles): male 4.3–5.2 (4.8); female 5.0–5.5 (5.2). Distinguishing features . Differs from all other species by the distinguishing features listed in the generic description above. Song ( Figs 29a–d ). Recordings were examined from the holotype locality and the WA.BAL, SA.MIN, and VI.MSP paratype locations. The male calling song consists of trains of pulses or clicks (often doublets, as shown) that oscillate between faster and slower pulse rates, at about 5–7 oscillations per s. Pulse rates vary from approximately 50–100/s. These trains are occasionally punctuated by single 0.03– 0.05 s syllables preceded and followed by short silent gaps of about 0.02– 0.06 s duration. The isolated short syllables contain clicks produced at the faster rate, sometimes with one ending click or doublet isolated from the rest. The beginning of a song may contain a warming-up section lasting many seconds in which the clicks are produced at a steady rate. The sound spectrum is broad with most sound energy contained within the range 11–18 kHz and with a peak intensity at around 14 kHz. There is little to no frequency modulation. The fundamental clicks vary considerably in form across recordings. Despite its complex structure, the song of Pedana hesperia is strikingly similar to species of Calipsalta gen. n. , as discussed in the section on C. fumosa sp. n. below. When finger-snaps or mouth-clicks are produced immediately after the short syllables, males move toward the responder, indicating that females probably produce wing-flick replies after these song elements. One male was captured from a perch less than 10 cm above the ground.

Etymology. Named from the Greek hesperios meaning western land and pertaining to the mainly western distribution of this cryptic species. Types . Holotype male (Simon Lab. voucher AU.WA.NUE), 13.2 km E of Cocklebiddy , Western Australia , 32°00.692’S 126°14.208’E , 72 m , 21.ii.2006 , Hill , Marshall , Moulds ( WAME 113437 ) ( WAM ) . Paratypes as follows: WESTERN AUSTRALIA : 4 males , 1 female , 61 km E of Norseman on Eyre Highway , 32°2’S 122°21’E , 11.xi.1999 , Rentz, D.C.F. , Su, Y.N. , Stop 191 ; 1 female , Hampton Tableland , 2 km N of Mundrabilla Motel , 31°48’S 128°13’E , 12.x.1984 , Rentz, D.C.F. , Stop 30 ; 1 male , Peak Charles NP , 7.x.2010 , 32°51’34”S 121°09’35”E , 245- 0002, L.W. Popple ( ANIC ). 1 male , Eucla , Nullarbor Plain, 7.xii.1978 , M.S. & B.J. Moulds (DE). 2 males , 1 female , Balladonia Rd, 11.x.2010 , 33°16’59”S 123°23’32”E , 245-0006 to 245-0008, L.W. Popple ; 4 males , Peak Charles NP , 7.x.2010 , 32°51’34”S 121°09’35”E , 245-0001 (song recorded), 245-0003 to 245-0005, L.W. Popple ( LP ). 1 male , WAU .EEN, 18 km E of Eneabba , 262 m , 29°45.4’S 115°25.9’E , 21.i.2003 , Moulds , Hill , Marshall & Vanderpool ; 7 males (one genitalia prep. Q4), Ravensthorpe , 8.xii.1985 , M.S. & B.J. Moulds ; 6 males , 1 female , Lake Douglas , 12 km SW of Kalgoorlie , 13.i.1989 , M.S. & B.J. Moulds ; 1 male (genitalia prep. Q7), Lake Douglas , 12 km SW of Kalgoorlie , 31.x.1986 , A.J. Graham ; 1 male , 25 km S of Balladonia Roadhouse , 32°33.65’S 123°37.10’E , 16.xii.1995 , M.S. & B.J. Moulds ; 2 males (one genitalia prep. Q5; Simon Lab. vouchers 06.AU.WA. BAL .01, 06.AU. WA. BAL .03), Balladonia Roadhouse , 32°21.285’S 123°37.089’E , 177 m , 20.ii.2006 , Hill, Marshall, Moulds ; 3 males (one genitalia prep. Q8), 1 female , AU.WA.MAW, 24 km WSW of Madura , 31°55.788’S 126°46.737’E , 98 m , 21.ii.2006 , Hill , Marshall , Moulds ; 1 male , AU.WA.MUE, 7.7 km E of Mundrabilla , 31°49.164’S 128°18.356’E , 17 m , 6.ii.2009 , K. Hill & D. Marshall ; 3 males , AU.WA. NUE , same data as holotype ; 7 males (two genitalia preps Q2, Q6), 1 female , Eucla , Nullarbor Plain , 7.xii.1978 , M.S. & B.J. Moulds ; 8 males , Eucla sand hills, 31°44’S 128°51’E , 14.xii.1995 , M.S. & B.J. Moulds & K. Kopestonsky ; 1 male , AU.WA.EUW, dunes ~ 8 km SW of Eucla , 31°43.321’S 128°50.857’E , 14 m , 22.ii.2006 , Hill , Marshall , Moulds ( MSM ). 1 male , 6 km E. of Eucla , 13.i.1998 , P. Hutchinson , on Melaleuca , PMH Coll #CIC 0885 ; 1 female , Eucla , found dead, 20, xi.1996 , P. Hutchinson , PMH Coll #CIC 0887 ( PH ). 1 male , AU.WA. NUE , same data as holotype ( WAME 113432 ) ; 1 male , Eucla sand hills, 31°44’S 128°51’E , 14.xii.1995 , M.S. & B.J. Moulds & K. Kopestonsky ( WAME 113433 ) ; 1 male , 1 female , AU.WA.MAW, 24 km WSW of Madura , 31°55.788’S 126°46.737’E , 98 m , 21.ii.2006 , Hill , Marshall , Moulds ( WAME 113434- 113435 ) ; 1 male , Eucla , Nullarbor Plain , 7.xii.1978 , M.S. & B.J. Moulds ( WAME 113436 ) ( WAM ). SOUTH AUSTRALIA : 5 males , 15 km N. Tailem Bend, 35°07’01”S 139°27’56”E , 21.x.2019 , 35°[C], sunny/windy, on shrubs, A. Stolarski ; 2 males , Pilepudla, near Yeltana Rd, 32°56’00”S 136°25’37”E , 18.x.2011 , A. Stolarski ; 1 male , Hincks CP, 33°52’04”S 135°53’44”E . 28.xi.2021 , A. Stolarski ; 1 male , 30 km E by N of Swan Reach , 34°30.909’S 139°54.934’E , Mark A. Hura ( LP ). 6 males , 1 female , 55 km E of WA/SA border, Eyre Hwy , 25.i.1989 , M.S. & B.J. Moulds ; 1 male , AU.SA. MIN , 0.5 km SE of Minnipa , 32°51.932’S 135°09.696’E , 143 m , 5.ii.2009 , K. Hill & D. Marshall , Simon Lab. voucher 09.AU.SA. MIN .01 ( MSM ). 2 males , 30 km E by N of Swan Reach , 34030.909 ’S, 139054.934 ’E, 14.x.2020 , Mark A. Hura , 11:00 hrs, found calling from low bush, PMH Coll #CIC 0883, 0884 ; 2 males , 29 km ENE Kimba , 33°04’S , 136°43’E , 9.ix.2007 , M. Hura , calling from dead branches on ground, PMH Coll #CIC 0886, 0888 ( PH ). VICTORIA: 1 male (genitalia prep. Q3), 18 km S Ouyen , 7.xii.1978 , G. Daniels ( MSM ). 1 male (DNA voucher 04.AU. VI . MSP .01), Bambill South Rd , 20.5 km S. of Bambill , 74 m , 34°35.692’S , 141°29.845E , 02.iii.2004 , J. Cooley , D. Marshall , K. Hill , M. Moulds , B. Moulds , S. Cowan ( UCONN ).