Bioacoustics of Parapholidoptera grandis

Description of song . Four records from two males were examined. The calling song consists of a series of regular phrases ( Figure 9B ) with an interval of 1.251–5.700 ms (2.983 ± 0.98). Phrase durations vary between 407–466 ms (439.6 ± 17.36) and phrases consist of 7–9 (8.12 ± 0.45) syllables. Generally, the first and second syllables at the beginning of the phrase are quieter and shorter (having low amplitudes) than the following syllables ( Figure 9C ). Syllables period duration varies between 49 and 67 ms (57.74 ± 3.58) without an interval. Oscillographic analyses show that each syllable contains two parts (except first syllable) ( Figure 9D ). First part of the syllable is relatively shorter and quieter than the second part of the syllable ( Figure 9D ). First part of the syllable lasts for 14–18 ms (15.71 ± 1.32) and is followed by a second part after an interval of 0–3 ms (1.42 ± 0.42). The second part of syllable is much louder (except of the first syllable) and longer than the first part; its duration varies between 28–44 ms (33.51 ± 3.77) and includes 22–36 (28.18 ± 3.12) pulses ( Figure 9D ).