Bioacoustics of Paraphenice fluctus

Description. Color . General body color yellowish, darker dorsally, paler ventrally ( Figs 2 & 3 ), abdominal terga reddish. Second segment of antennae white basally, yellow distally. Forewings transparent (veins mostly white), weakly embrowned medially bearing dark spot at subapically fork of MP 1 ( Figs 3 , 5 ). Structure. Body length (including wings) males: 6.6–6.7 mm ( n = 11), females: 6.7–6.9 mm ( n = 9). Head. In dorsal view, vertex elongated, approximately 3x long as wide, extending beyond eyes, lateral margins foliate, disc depressed, median carina absent; anterior margin strongly concave, posterior margin truncate, transverse carina present at fastigium, two complete rows of sensory pits along lateral margins, third incomplete row mesad ( Fig. 4A ). In lateral view, head rounded (vertex weakly inclined and convex, frons arched), extending moderately beyond eye margin, slightly angled at fastigium (at transverse carina); In frontal view, lateral margins of frons sub-parallel, single row of sensory pits along lateral margins extending from dorsal margin to clypeus ( Fig. 4C ). Frontoclypeal suture truncate, clypeus very elongately triangular. Eyes reniform in front of antennae. Lateral ocelli present, white, situated just below eye at posterior margin ( Fig. 4B ). Antennae with scape ring-like, pedicle segment large and bulbous bearing two differently sized sensory plaques, smaller plaques over entire surface in uniform distribution, larger clustered over the apical 1/3 of segment ( Fig. 4 ). Subantennal genal crest present (arched along ventroposterior antennal margin), slightly surpassing basal margin of second antennal segment in frontal view ( Fig. 4C ). Thorax. Pronotum tricarinate, in dorsal view with median carina and carinae at lateral margin (from dorsal view) between tegulae and head, anterior margin in dorsal view strongly convex, posterior margin broadly triangularly excised ( Fig. 4A ). Mesonotum in dorsal view tricarinate, median carina becoming obsolete posteriorly near scutellum, lateral carinae arising laterad, extending transversely, then abruptly angled (nearly 90°), then longitudinally (slightly sinuate), becoming obsolete before caudal margin ( Fig. 4A ); in lateral view, mesonotum humped (concave before upturned scutellum), bearing pair of crests near anterior margin of scutellum. Spinulation of hind tibia 5-6-5. Forewing ( Fig. 5 ) elongate, spatulate, approximately 2.5 times longer than broad (at greatest width), costal margin convex (bearing small pits near midlength), trailing margin expanded between claval apex and wing tip. Clavus closed (Pcu+A1 reaching wing margin well before CuP). Basal cell narrow and elongated; ScP+R+MP arising from leaving basal cell as common stem; MP forked after short common stem; RP forked from Sc+RA in basal third of wing just before fork of CuA, fork of MP 1+2 from MP 3+4 before claval apex. CuA anastomosing to form closed C5 (procubital) cell. Veins Pcu and A 1 fused just after claval midlength. Branching pattern RA 2-branched, RP 3-branched, MP 7-branched. Hindwing ( Fig. 6 ) almost as long as forewing with large basal cell. ScP+RA ending with single terminal about middle of costal margin; RP unbranched, MP single, CuA with 3 terminals, CuP single, Pcu single, A 1 with 2 terminals, A 2 single; stridulatory plate with outer margin weakly concave; crossveins r-m and m-cu at apical third of hindwing. Genitalia. Pygofer in lateral view irregular, dorsal margin appearing to not reach dorsal margin, irregularly sinuate on anterior margin, lateral margins of pygofer opening bearing large, triangular lobes, constricted ventrally near midlength, expanded again to ventral margin ( Fig. 7A ); in ventral view, medioventral process strongly asymmetrical, longer than wide, broadest at base, left lateral margin apically rounded, right lateral apex bearing acuminate and irregularly sinuate process ( Fig. 7B ). Gonostyli in lateral view broadly and elongately spatulate, narrowest at base, irregularly sinuate on broadly concave dorsal margin bearing laterally projected sclerotized uncus at midpoint ( Fig. 7C ), ventral margin broadly convex, apex bluntly rounded ( Fig. 7A ); in ventral view, inner and outer margins sinuate, broad at base, constricting near midpoint, expanding subapically, apices truncated with elongate median points ( Fig. 7B ). Aedeagus complex, bilaterally asymmetrical, shaft simple bearing three large retrorse sclerotized processes arising near apex; the first process (A1) arises at apex on right lateral side slender dorsal spine (A1a; sinuate, curving slightly ventrad) and weakly sclerotized, transparent broad flange entrally (A1b); second process (A2) arising subapically on left lateral side near dorsal margin, robust, sinuate, apex finely serrate, nearly reaching apex of A1; third process (A3) arising subapically on left lateral side longer and more slender than A2, apex irregularly apically serrated (both dorsally and ventrally) curved slightly dorsad, ( Fig. 8 ); endosoma large and complex with twisted and wavy lingulate appearance, reaching base of aedeagal shaft bearing three elongated sclerotized processes; one large process (E1) arising near base, curved dorsad, sfinely serrated dorsally in distal half, second process (E2) arising on left ventral margin near midpoint, sinute, not serrated; third process (E3) arising near E2, angled mesad, spatulate, angled dorsad ( Fig. 8 ). Anal t in later view narrow, irregularly sinuate on dorsal margin, curved along ventral margin to elongated ventrocaudally directed apex, apex nearly reaching apex of gonostyli ( Fig. 7A ); in dorsal view, broad, quadrate, apex truncate, medially deeply notched ( Fig. 7C ). Plant associations. Livistona chinensis (Jacq.) R. Br. ex Mart. and Raphia P. Beauv. ( Arecales : Arecaceae ).