Bioacoustics of Panjange lanthana

Description Male MEASUREMENTS. Total body length ~4.0–5.5; carapace width 0.9–1.2; leg 1 length ~30–45; tibia 1 length ~8.0–10.5; tibia 2/tibia 4 length 1.10–1.25; tibia 1 L/d ~95–110. COLOR. In life ( Figs 2–15 ) mostly pale ochre-yellow to whitish, ocular area with brown mark, sternum whitish, legs with dark patellae and tibia-metatarsus joints; abdomen with dark brown to black marks dorsally and laterally, sometimes partly reddish. BODY. Carapace without median furrow; ocular area raised, eye triads on stalks of variable length (e.g., Figs 17 , 28 , 66 , 71 ), often with pair of additional pointed processes arising from near PME (absent only in Pa. lanthana ). AME usually absent, clearly present only in Pa. lanthana , present but tiny and barely visible in Pa. camiguin Huber sp. nov. males ( Fig. 45 ). Clypeus high, either unmodiFed or with ~20–25 short spines ( Figs 84, 85 ), sometimes in addition to stronger hairs below ocular area ( Fig. 84 ). Abdomen cylindrical, angular above spinnerets ( Figs 2, 9 ). Male gonopore with four epiandrous spigots ( Figs 60 , 88 ); each ALS with large widened spigot, pointed spigot, and six cylindrically shaped spigots (of varying sizes; Figs 32 , 62 ); PMS with two spigots each ( Fig. 63 ). CHELICERAE. With only one pair of frontal processes proximally, without distal apophyses ( Figs 17 , 47 , 84 ); without modiFed hairs; without stridulatory ridges. PALPS. Coxa usually unmodiFed, in Pa. hamiguitan Huber sp. nov. and Pa. bukidnon Huber sp. nov. with small ventral apophysis ( Figs 65 , 92 ); trochanter and femur very variable, with species-speciFc sets of humps, short processes, and more complex apophyses; patella short to longer than wide; tibia with two trichobothria; palpal tarsus usually with whitish dorsal elongation carrying tarsal organ (e.g., Figs 19 , 25 , 65 ), rarely short (e.g., Figs 70 , 75 ), absent in Pa. bukidnon Huber sp. nov. ( Fig. 92 ); palpal tarsal organ capsulate ( Fig. 89 ); procursus usually consisting of proximal and distal part connected by membranous hinge (e.g., Figs 18 , 64 , 80 ), but not hinged in right palps of asymmetric species; parallel ridges on procursus sometimes distinct (e.g., Figs 18 , 26 , 52 ), sometimes indistinct or absent; bulb with strong proximal sclerite (e.g., Figs 18 , 69 ), with two processes pointing in opposite directions: appendix toward ventral, embolus toward dorsal. LEGS. Without spines, without curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium very proximal (tibia 1: at 2–4% of tibia length), prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1, present on other tibiae. Tarsus 1 with ~30 pseudosegments, sometimes very indistinct; tarsus 4 with single row of ventral combhairs of the Pholcus - type (cf. Huber & Fleckenstein 2008 ) ( Fig. 58 ). Female Similar to male but without eye stalks; eye triads on low humps ( Fig. 46 ); clypeus and chelicerae unmodiFed; legs slightly shorter than in male. Epigynum weakly sclerotized, with more or less long, folded and extensible scape directed either toward posterior or toward anterior (e.g., Figs 22 , 36 , 72 ); sometimes widened at about half length ( Figs 77 , 82 ). Internal genitalia with pair of pore plates of variable shape. Monophyly and relationships The monophyly of the Pa. lanthana group is consistently supported by two characters: the small ventral process distally on the proximal part of the procursus (character 17; Figs 25 , 70 ), and the unique direction of the embolus, pointing in an opposite direction than the appendix rather than lying parallel to it (character 22; Figs 18 , 64 , 69 ). The closest relatives of the lanthana group are probably members of the Pa. cavicola group. This relationship has been suggested before ( Huber 2011 ) and is here supported by numerous characters: hooked rather than straight spines in ocular area (character 3; Figs 48 , 87 ); absence of distal cheliceral apophyses (character 7; Figs 17 , 47 , 66 ); strong palpal tarsal elongation (character 14; Figs 19 , 39 , 65 ); and long strongly folded epigynal scape (character 23; Figs 22 , 36 , 72 ). Within the lanthana group, the monophyly of three species Pa. malagos Huber sp. nov. + ( Pa. casaroro Huber sp. nov. + Pa. camiguin Huber sp. nov. ) is supported only by the asymmetry of the male procursus (character 9). A second species group, Pa. isarog Huber sp. nov. + ( Pa. dinagat Huber sp. nov. + Pa. marilog Huber sp. nov. ) is strongly supported: male clypeus with spines (character 6; Figs 84, 85 ); male palpal tarsal process secondarily short (character 14; Figs 70 , 75 , 80 ); uncus-like process arising from proximal bulbal sclerite (character 21; Figs 70 , 80 ); and epigynal scape directed toward anterior (character 24; Figs 72 , 77 , 82 ). The sister taxa of Pa. lanthana and Pa. hamiguitan Huber sp. nov. remain unclear. In Fig. 1 , Pa. hamiguitan Huber sp. nov. is placed as sister to Pa. isarog Huber sp. nov. + ( Pa. dinagat Huber sp. nov. + Pa. marilog Huber sp. nov. ), but this is weakly supported by the secondary reduction of ridges on the procursus and was not recovered in all analyses (see above). Entirely dubious is the position of Pa. bukidnon Huber sp. nov. (excluded from the analysis for reasons detailed above; see “Cladistic analysis”). In preliminary analyses including Pa. bukidnon Huber sp. nov. , it ended up at three different positions, indicated in Fig. 1 by asterisks: (1) as sister to the lanthana + cavicola groups; (2) as sister to the lanthana group; or (3) as sister to Pa. isarog Huber sp. nov. + ( Pa. dinagat Huber sp. nov. + Pa. marilog Huber sp. nov. ). It shares one of the synapomorphies of the lanthana group (embolus pointing in opposite direction than appendix) but not the other (ventral process on procursus). The parallel tips of the ocular spines ( Fig. 90 ) remind of Pa. casaroro Huber sp. nov. + Pa. camiguin Huber sp. nov. while the small rounded process between appendix and genital bulb ( Fig. 91 ) reminds of Pa. dinagat Huber sp. nov. + Pa. marilog Huber sp. nov. The procursus is highly autapomorphic. It seems that only the discovery of the unknown female and/or molecular data may solve this issue. Natural history Most species seem to have low abundances and very patchy distributions, with few specimens found within a very small area and none in surrounding areas of apparently similar vegetation. This may have been related to the low abundance and patchiness of suitable large leaves. Specimens were usually collected between about 50 cm above ground to about 2 m , and they are likely to occur also in higher strata of the forest, possibly in higher abundances. The web is a domed sheet, most of which is closely attached to the underside of a leaf. The extremely Fne silk is poorly visible except when the sheet is viewed directly from the side. Egg sacs are only slightly elongated and covered by a barely visible layer of silk ( Figs 3, 8, 12 ). In one case ( Pa. camiguin Huber sp. nov. ; Fig. 8 ), eight of ten eggs in an egg sac were parasitized by a parasitic wasp. Composition As construed here, the Panjange lanthana group now contains nine species (including the dubious Pa. bukidnon Huber sp. nov. ). Judging from known distribution patterns and from the large number of poorly sampled islands, the group may well contain several times as many species.