Bioacoustics of Oaphantes pallidulus

Description.— Male (n=5) : Total length: 2.17–2.77; carapace length: 1.09–1.36; carapace width: 0.82–1.02; carapace smooth, shiny, light yellow orange (130M), slightly raised in cephalic region, bearing 2–4 erect setae along midline. Sternum light yellow orange (130M). Chelicerae light orange (137M), promargin carinated with 4 teeth and a mastidion ( Fig. 2 ), retromargin with 4 denticles, presence of setae-tipped tubercles on cheliceral surface. Cheliceral stridulatory organ visible with ∼ 20 striae. Endites light yellow orange (130M) with a single setose tubercle ( Fig. 1 ). Abdomen off-white (7500M), sub-cylindrical, pointed apically, covered with long semi-erect setae; ventral surface of abdomen with oval striated epigastric plates. Legs long and slender, light yellow orange (130M), formula 1-4-2-3; tibia I–IV with 2 long dorsal macrosetae; metatarsus I with dorsal trichobothrium, Tm I 0.28, Tm IV absent; coxae IV with stridulatory pick. Palpal femur with stridulatory pick. Male palp: paracymbium complex (P) with a longitudinal keel curving apically, a proximal pocket (PPO), a proximal protuberance bearing three long setae, and one short seta on its apical part ( Fig. 3 ); embolus (E) long, smooth, bearing a spike on basal half, curving and extending beyond the cymbium ( Figs 4, 5 ); embolic membrane (EM) large and long ( Figs 4, 5 ); terminal apophysis (TA) basally well sclerotized with an embossed surface, apical part membranous and acuminate ( Figs 4, 5 ); lamella characteristica (LC) slender and twisted ( Figs 4, 5 ); 1 tooth on distal suprategular apophysis (SA) ( Figs 4, 5 ); retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA) present ( Fig. 3 ). Female (n=5) : Total length: 2.53–3.15; carapace length: 1.16–1.33; carapace width: 0.87–0.97; carapace colouration as in male, not elevated in cephalic region, bearing 4–5 erect setae along midline. Colouration of sternum and chelicerae as in male, promargin of chelicerae with 4 large teeth and 1 medium sized tooth, retromargin with four denticles, presence of setae-tipped tubercles on cheliceral surface. Cheliceral stridulatory organ visible with ∼ 15 striae. Endite colouration as in male, without setose tubercle. Abdomen colouration as in male, sub-cylindrical, pointed apically, covered with long semi-erect setae; ventral surface of abdomen bearing oval striated epigastric plates. Legs long and slender, light yellow orange (130M), formula 1-4-2-3; tibia I–IV with 2 long dorsal macrosetae; metatarsus I with dorsal trichobothrium, Tm I 0.24–0.27, Tm IV absent; coxae IV with stridulatory pick. Palpal femur with stridulatory pick. Epigynum characterized by the broad, dome-shaped anterior margin of scape ( Fig. 6 ), gradually narrowing in a long scape (SC), slightly enlarging apically and almost reaching the apex of the abdomen ( Fig. 8 ); spermathecae (S) oval, secondary spermathecae (SS) elongate, straight and directed posteriorly ( Fig. 7 ); copulatory openings (CO) located on the underside of scape near the apex, associated with terminal pockets (TP) ( Fig. 7 ); copulatory ducts (CD) long ( Fig. 7 ); fertilization ducts (FD) short and sinuous ( Fig. 7 ).