Bioacoustics of Minervarya rufescens

A male (SDBDU 2015.3070, from Manipal) of Fejervarya rufescens produced a single type of call with pulsatile temporal structure (Figs. 8A–C). Calls were not delivered in groups and had uniform intervals. A typical advertisement call (Fig. 8B) had a duration of 233.7 ms with 52 pulses delivered at a rate of 227.1 pulses per second. Call had a rise time of 221.9 ms and a short fall time of 11.2 ms. The spectrum was characterized by two broad peaks with a dominant frequency of 2.9 KHz (Fig. 8D). The animal was recorded on 13 July 2015, around 20:00 hours. Air temperature at the time of recording: dry bulb 27◦C, wet bulb 26.5◦C. For comparison with the call of Fejervarya manoharani sp. nov. see ‘vocalization’ of that species.

Description of neotype (measurements in mm) . Adult male (SVL 35.8), rather stout; head nearly as wide as long (HW 12.9, HL 12.7); snout subovoid in dorsal view and rounded in lateral view, its length (SL 5.0) nearly equal to horizontal diameter of eye (EL 4.9); loreal region acute with rounded canthus rostralis; interorbital space flat, narrower (IUE 1.5) than upper eyelid width (UEW 3.5) and internarial distance (IN 3.2); nostril slightly closer to tip of snout (NS 2.2) than eye (EN 2.4); tympanum (TYD 2.2) 44.9% of eye diameter (EL 4.9); tympanum-eye distance (TYE 1.1) half of the tympanum diameter (TYD 2.2); supratympanic fold well developed, extends from posterior corner of eye to near the shoulder; vomerine ridge present, bearing small teeth, at an angle of 45° to the body axis, as close to choanae as to each other; tongue moderately large, emarginated, bearing no median lingual process; rictal gland present at labial commissure of the mouth. Arms short, forearm length (FAL 7.7) shorter than hand length (HAL 8.6); relative length of fingers IV<II<I<III (FL I 3.9, FL II 2.9, FL III 4.4, FL IV 2.8); finger tips rounded, slightly enlarged without discs, fingers without fringes, webbing between fingers absent; subarticular tubercles prominent, circular; one distinct palmar tubercle, oval, bifid; supernumerary tubercles absent. Hind limbs short, thigh length (TL 15.8) equal to shank length (SHL 15.8) and subequal to foot length (FOL 15.9), distance from the base of tarsus to the tip of toe IV (TFOL 23.0); toes long, relative length of toes I<II<V<III<IV; toe tips rounded, slightly enlarged without discs, toes without fringes, webbing between toes small: I2 – – 2II 2– –3–III2– 3IV 3– 2V ; subarticular tubercles prominent, all present, circular; inner metatarsal tubercle prominent, shovel-shaped (IMT 2.1); outer metatarsal tubercle small (OMT 0.7), rounded; supernumerary tubercles absent. Skin of snout, upper eyelids and lateral sides of head shagreened to sparsely granular, anterior part of dorsum sparsely granular, posterior part of dorsum, and upper and lower parts of flank prominently granular; an interrupted inverse V-shaped ridge on center of dorsum; dorsal surfaces of forelimb, thigh and shank shagreened with scattered granular projections. Ventral surface of throat, chest, belly and limbs shagreened, anterior part of thigh sparsely granular; fejervaryan line present on both sides of the belly ( Fig. 7 ). Species Sex Locality Museum Number SVL HW HL SL EL TYD TYE EN NS IUE UEW IN FAL HAL TL SHL FOL TFOL Fejervarya cepfi sp. nov. M Amboli ZSI/WGRC/V/A/937 (HT) 29.9 11.2 11.1 4.6 3.4 1.8 1.5 1.6 1.6 2.4 2.5 2.5 6.2 7.2 14.8 15.7 16.5 23.5 M Amboli ZSI/WGRC/V/A/938 (PT) 33.1 12.2 12.4 4.8 3.5 1.8 1.6 2.0 1.9 2.5 2.6 2.5 6.2 7.5 15.4 16.4 17.1 24.9 Average 31.5 11.7 11.8 4.7 3.5 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.8 2.5 2.6 2.5 6.2 7.4 15.1 16.1 16.8 24.2 Standard deviation 2.3 0.7 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.4 1.0 F Amboli ZSI/WGRC/V/A/939 (PT) 34.5 13.1 12.7 5.2 4.0 1.9 1.5 2.2 2.0 2.9 3.0 2.8 6.2 8.0 15.6 16.8 17.4 26.2 Fejervarya kadar sp. nov. M Thavalakuzhipara ZSI/WGRC/V/A/940 (HT) 33.5 12.7 12.1 4.5 4.2 1.7 1.5 2.1 2.0 1.8 3.3 2.8 6.2 7.1 15.4 15.5 16.1 21.7 M Thavalakuzhipara ZSI/WGRC/V/A/941 (PT) 31.2 11.9 11.7 4.5 4.0 1.5 1.4 1.9 1.9 1.8 3.0 2.6 5.8 6.8 14.8 14.9 15.8 21.4 M Thavalakuzhipara ZSI/WGRC/V/A/942 (PT) 31.0 11.9 11.9 4.4 4.0 1.5 1.2 1.9 1.8 1.7 3.2 2.7 5.7 6.6 14.5 14.6 15.7 21.4 Average 31.9 12.2 11.9 4.5 4.1 1.6 1.4 2.0 1.9 1.8 3.2 2.7 5.9 6.8 14.9 15.0 15.9 21.5 Standard deviation 1.4 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 F Thavalakuzhipara ZSI/WGRC/V/A/943 (PT) 32.2 12.7 12.2 4.9 4.3 1.6 1.7 2.3 2.1 1.9 2.8 2.5 6.1 6.9 15.1 15.0 15.9 22.1 F Thavalakuzhipara ZSI/WGRC/V/A/944 (PT) 34.2 13.5 13.0 5.0 4.4 1.7 1.5 2.5 2.2 1.9 2.7 2.6 7.4 8.1 17.4 17.4 19.8 26.6 Average 33.2 13.1 12.6 5.0 4.4 1.7 1.6 2.4 2.2 1.9 2.8 2.6 6.8 7.5 16.3 16.2 17.9 24.4 Standard deviation 1.4 0.6 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.9 0.8 1.6 1.7 2.8 3.2 ...continued on the next page Table 7 . continued Species Sex Locality Museum Number SVL HW HL SL EL TYD TYE EN NS IUE UEW IN FAL HAL TL SHL FOL TFOL Fejervarya neilcoxi sp. nov. M Parambikulam ZSI/WGRC/V/A/951 (HT) 33.3 12.1 11.7 4.3 4.2 1.6 1.4 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.9 3.0 6.2 7.4 14.5 15.8 16.9 22.7 M Parambikulam ZSI/WGRC/V/A/952 (PT) 32.0 11.9 11.4 4.2 4.1 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.8 1.8 2.5 2.5 6.1 7.1 14.0 15.3 16.4 22.1 M Parambikulam ZSI/WGRC/V/A/953 (PT) 32.5 12.0 11.5 4.3 4.2 1.6 1.5 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.8 2.8 6.2 7.2 14.2 15.4 16.3 22.1 Average 32.6 12.0 11.5 4.3 4.2 1.6 1.5 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.7 2.8 6.2 7.2 14.2 15.5 16.5 22.3 Standard deviation 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 F Parambikulam ZSI/WGRC/V/A/954 (PT) 35.6 13.6 12.1 4.3 4.2 1.9 1.8 2.1 1.9 2.1 3.0 2.7 6.6 7.6 15.6 16.7 17.9 24.2 F Parambikulam ZSI/WGRC/V/A/955 (PT) 34.5 12.9 11.9 4.4 4.3 2.1 1.8 2.2 2.0 2.0 3.0 2.8 7.3 7.9 17.8 17.7 18.7 25.5 Average 35.1 13.3 12.0 4.4 4.3 2.0 1.8 2.2 2.0 2.1 3.0 2.8 7.0 7.8 16.7 17.2 18.3 24.9 Standard deviation 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.2 1.6 0.7 0.6 0.9 Fejervarya rufescens M Gundia MNHNP 1984.2348 (NT) 35.8 12.9 12.7 5.0 4.9 2.2 1.1 2.4 2.2 1.5 3.5 3.2 7.7 8.6 15.8 15.8 15.9 M Manipal SDBDU 2015.3070 (RS) 32.1 12.0 11.9 4.5 4.3 1.7 1.2 2.1 1.9 1.4 3.2 2.5 6.2 7.1 15.1 15.0 15.4 M Manipal SDBDU 2015.3071 (RS) 30.5 11.2 11.1 4.5 4.2 1.7 1.3 1.9 1.8 1.6 3.2 2.4 5.7 6.9 14.9 14.8 15.2 M Manipal SDBDU 2015.3072 (RS) 31.2 11.1 11.0 4.2 4.0 1.6 1.2 1.9 2.0 1.7 2.9 2.4 5.6 6.4 14.8 14.5 14.9 20.9 M Manipal SDBDU 2015.3073 (RS) 31.5 11.4 11.3 4.4 3.9 1.8 1.3 2.0 1.8 1.7 2.9 2.5 5.5 6.7 14.7 14.6 14.8 21.2 M Manipal SDBDU 2015.3074 (RS) 32.5 11.7 11.6 4.6 4.2 1.7 1.3 2.3 2.1 1.8 3.2 2.5 5.8 7.0 15.5 15.3 15.7 22.0 Colour of neotype . In preservation. Dorsum light brown with dark brown blotches, upper and lower lip with alternate brown and cream coloured cross bands; forelimbs and hind limbs light brown with darker brown transverse bands, posterior part of thigh light brown with faint dark brown reticulations. Ventral surface of throat light greyish-white, with two lateral black calling patches on either side; belly off-white; margins of the limbs with brownish-grey mottling ( Figs. 7 B–G). In life (SDBDU 2015.3070). Snout, upper eyelids, and dorsum light orange or brick red, prominent red to reddish-brown blotches on mid dorsum; upper and lower lip with faint alternate grey and white cross bands; tympanum light yellow; flanks light yellowish-grey with dark grey mottling; forelimbs brick red with a yellowish tinge, hindlimbs brick red with faint and interrupted grey transverse bands, groin yellowish-grey, anterior part of thigh light yellowish-grey with grey reticulations, webbing light grey. Ventral surface of throat light flesh red with two lateral black calling patches on either side; belly white; forearm and foreleg light flesh red ( Fig. 7 A). Variations. Morphometric data from six adult males, including the neotype, is given in Table 7 . Colour in life . Dorsal colour varies from light orange to dark reddish brown with scattered dark reddish-brown to greenish-brown blotches. Colour in preservation . SDBDU 2015.3070 and SDBDU 2015.3073: dorsum light brown with dark brown blotches; SDBDU 2015.3071 and SDBDU 2015.3074: dorsum uniformly light grey with scattered darker grey markings; SDBDU 2015.3072: dorsum with more prominent blackish brown blotches, and anterior part of head, including upper eyelids, dark brown. Secondary sexual character. Male : calling patches on either side of the throat. Vocalization. A male (SDBDU 2015.3070, from Manipal) of Fejervarya rufescens produced a single type of call with pulsatile temporal structure ( Figs. 8 A–C). Calls were not delivered in groups and had uniform intervals. A typical advertisement call ( Fig. 8 B) had a duration of 233.7 ms with 52 pulses delivered at a rate of 227.1 pulses per second. Call had a rise time of 221.9 ms and a short fall time of 11.2 ms. The spectrum was characterized by two broad peaks with a dominant frequency of 2.9 KHz ( Fig. 8 D). The animal was recorded on 13 July 2015 , around 20:00 hours. Air temperature at the time of recording: dry bulb 27◦C, wet bulb 26.5◦C. For comparison with the call of Fejervarya manoharani sp. nov. see ‘vocalization’ of that species.