Bioacoustics of Minervarya asmati

Distribution. — Fejervarya asmati is known only from the type locality (Fig. 1). A probable record exists also from Barisal district ( 22° 58´N , 90° 13´E ); here, similar advertisement calls were heard on May 3, 2009 , but no voucher specimens are available. Natural history. —The new species were found in temporary pools along a small stream. Specimens have been observed breeding in a canal adjacent to Chittagong University ( 15th to 20th May , 2008). Gravid females preferred choruses rather than individual or few calling males. Courtship was initiated when a gravid female approached the calling male and made a physical contact with it. The male stopped calling and immediately jumped on the back of the female and clung to it by holding it below the armpits with the forearms and formed an axillary amplexus ( Fig. 2 ). The amplexed male in turn kicked the intruder with its hind limbs. The amplexed pair moved to a small, shallow water pool on the ground within the locality where the spawning occurred. In general, according to own observations, the courtship pattern is same for all observed species of Fejervarya ( F. nepalensis , F. pierrie , F. syhadrensis , and F. teraiensis ) occurring at this locality. Further notes on conservation status and threats will be documented with other amphibians of Bangladesh on elsewhere. Sympatric species.— As mentioned above, in the area of the type locality of the new species, observations of the other four Fejervarya species occurring in Bangladesh are also available ( Fig. 5 ). As summarized in Table 1 and in the following section, the five Fejervarya species from this area can be distinguished by a combination of various morphological characters. Furthermore, we also have data on the advertisement calls of three of these species from the same area. Detailed bioacoustic analyses will be published elsewhere, but by general call structure it is easy to distinguish the calls of F. nepalensis , F. pierrie , F. syhadrensis , and F. teraiensis from each other, and from F. a s m a t i , confirming the species status of these taxa. All Fejervarya species breed in rainy season (April to September), but it is rare to find them to share the same place in the same time. However, they share their breeding place with species of other genera, for example, Fejervarya asmati is usually found with Microhyla ornata .

Description of holotype (adult male).— Small sized frog (SVL 30.0 mm). Head large, triangular, longer than wide, HW 93% of HL, HW 32% of SVL, HL 34% of SVL, MFE 60% of HL, MBE 18% of HL. Snout nearly rounded in lateral view, SL 40% of HL; canthus rostralis indistinct, loreal region concave. Nostrils much closer to snout tip than to eyes, NS 57% of EN; NS 5% of SVL, EN 9% of SVL; nostrils rounded and very small, NS 0.67% of IN, MN 85% HL. Eye large, EL 41% of HL, EL 14% of SVL; maximum width of upper eyelid greater than interorbital distance, IOD 83% of UEW, UEW 56% EL, UEW 8% SVL. Interorbital space convex, IOD 88% of IN. Tympanum round, TD 52% of EL, TEL 34% TD. Arm moderately long, robust, FAL 70% HAL, FAL 17% of SVL, HAL 24% SVL. Fingers small, free of webbing, tips rounded. Relative length of fingers, shortest to longest: 2 <4 <1 <3; tips of fingers bluntly rounded; fingers lacking dermal ridge. Subarticular tubercles prominent, rounded, single tubercle per digit; supernumerary tubercles absent; two capsule shaped, distinct palmar tubercles. Hind limbs relatively long, TL 50% of SVL, THIGHL 87% of TL; FOL 50% SVL and equal to TL, FOL 70% of TFOL. Toes long, thin, tips rounded; webbing between toes weakly developed [1(1), 2i (1.5), 2e(0.5), 3i (2), 3e(1), 4i (2), 4e(2.5), 5(0.75)]. Relative lengths of toes, shortest to longest: 1 <2 <5 <3 <4; a weak, indistinct fringe of skin on outer side of toe 5. Inner metatarsal tubercle elongated, present at base of Toe 1; Outer metatarsal tubercle is oval, minute, distinct; subarticular tubercles well-developed, nearly oval. Dorsal surface smooth, tubercles present, arranging in row or reticulated pattern; tiny granules on upper eyelids, loreal, and cloacal region. Dorsal surface of forelimb, thigh and tarsus glandular. Throat, chest, abdomen and ventral part of thigh and tibia smooth. Coloration in life. —Basic color varies from olive green to greenish brown, with a few dark irregular spots particularly fused into transverse bands; spots are formed by tubercle arrangement on dorsal sides; sides of body marbled. A narrow middorsal line usually present up to the posterior of eyes. Two red spot found on the middorsal line and another two red spot on each of the forelimbs. Toes webbing faintly marbled. Forelimbs with dark transverse bands; hind limbs dotted on thighs and strips on lower legs. Venter immaculate. Coloration in preservative. —In preservative olive green surface become whitish brown. Middorsal line and forelimbs lost red spots. Color arrangement of the total body become fade to their original position. Measurements (in mm). —Male ( holotype ): SVL 30.0; HL 10.3; HW 9.6; MN 8.7; SL 4.1; MFE 6.2; MBE 1.9; IN 2.3; IOD 2.0; EN 2.7; NS 1.5; EL 4.3; UEW 2.4; TD 2.2; TEL 0.8; HAL 7.2; FAL 5.1; THIGHL 13.1; TL 15.1; TFOL 22.3; FOL 15.7; IMTL 1.4. Female (paratopotype): SVL 33.4; HL 11.4; HW 10.5; MN 9.5; SL 4.6; MFE 6.8; MBE 2.2; IN 2.4; IOD 2.1; EN 2.8; NS 1.7; EL 4.7; UEW 2.6; TD 2.3; TEL 0.8; HAL 7.6; FAL 5.8; THIGHL 13.7; TL 16.1; FOL 16.7; IMTL 1.7. Variation. —Morphometric variation is shown on the table 1. Two specimens lack mid-dorsal lines (males MZD/F-05 and MZD/F-06), female (MZD/F-02) has no vocal marking and no red spots. Advertisement call. —The advertisement call was recorded on Chittagong University campus at an air temperature of 24 ºC. The call consists of a very fast trill series of three note types : a group of similar pulsed trains ( type 1) interspersed by short single notes (both type 2 and 3, or just type 3 notes) with 775 ms (N=1) of duration ( Fig. 4 ). Each pulsed note (train) of type 1 has a duration of 92-134 ms (110±15.5, N=5); interval between two trains is about 43–71 ms (56.25±12.63, N=4). The number of pulses per train ranges from 15–18 (16.8±1.3, N=5). Pulse repetition rate within a train is 152.72/s. These pulses have a harmonious modulation with 5 recognizable bands: fundamental frequency around 0.2–1.0 kHz, a second band at 1.4–2.2 kHz, a formant band at 2.6–3.4 kHz; followed by further bands at 3.8–4.6 and 5.0–5.8 kHz. Between two trains of type 1 can be emitted a single note of type 2 (N=1) or 0–3 single notes of type 3 (1.0±1.41, N=4). Occasionally, a single note of type 3 can be also emitted between two pulses of type 1 within a train with a frequency of occurrence of 20% (N=5). Single notes of type 2 have a duration of 17 ms (N=1) and are emitted 23 ms (N=1) after the last note of first type 1 train, and 21ms (N=1) far from the following single note ( type 3). F. asmati F. nepalensis F. pierrie F. syhadrensis F. teraiensis Male Female n=5 n=1 Male Female n=5 n=6 Male Female n=2 n=3 Male Female n=6 n=3 Male Female n=10 n=11 HL:SVL 0.34±0.01 0.34 (0.32–0.36) 0.34±0.01 0.34±0.01 (0.32–0.36) (0.33–0.37) 0.31 0.33±0.00 (0.30–0.33) (0.32–0.33) 0.32±0.00 0.33±0.01 (0.32–0.36) (0.32–0.35) 0.33±0.01 0.33±0.01 (0.31–0.36) (0.31–0.34) HL:HW 0.93±0.01 0.92 (0.90–0.95) 1.06±0.02 1.02±0.03 (0.98–1.02) (0.99–1.05) 1.02 1.06±0.02 (1.01–1.03) (1.03–1.08) 1.03±0.03 1.04±0.03 (0.99–1.09) (1.03–1.08) 1.00±0.01 1.03±0.03 (0.96–1.03) (0.95–1.06) SL:HL 0.38±0.01 0.40 (0.37–0.40) 0.45±0.04 0.39±0.04 (0.39–0.49) (0.34–0.44) 0.43 0.43±0.03 (0.42–0.44) (0.40–0.47) 0.47±0.03 0.45±0.06 (0.42–0.51) (0.40–0.51) 0.47±0.02 0.43±0.02 (0.44–0.49) (0.40–0.46) EN:NS 1.77±0.04 1.66 (1.74–1.80) 1.24±0.12 1.45±0.19 (1.05–1.35) (1.13–1.64) 1.18 1.13±0.07 (1.13–1.24) (1.05–1.20) 1.14±0.16 1.22±0.15 (0.92–1.41) (1.05–1.35) 1.03±0.07 1.06±0.11 (0.91–1.13) (0.93–1.32) IN:NS 1.49±0.03 1.43 (1.45–1.51) 1.33±0.10 1.54±0.14 (1.15–1.39) (1.31–1.73) 1.18 1.23±0.09 (1.18–1.19) (1.15–1.33) 1.38±0.21 1.44±0.12 (1.18–1.76) (1.30–1.52) 0.99±0.09 1.10±0.09 (0.76–1.09) (0.95–1.31) EL:HL 0.42±0.01 0.41 (0.40–0.43) 0.37±0.03 0.35±0.03 (0.32–0.40) (0.30–0.39) 0.34 0.36±0.04 (0.34–0.34) (0.31–0.39) 0.37±0.02 0.33±0.04 (0.33–0.40) (0.29–0.37) 0.34±0.01 0.32±0.01 (0.32–0.37) (0.29–0.35) EL:SVL 0.15±0.01 0.14 (0.14–0.16) 0.13±0.01 0.12±0.01 (0.11–0.15) (0.10–0.13) 0.11 0.12±0.01 (0.10–0.11) (0.10–0.13) 0.12±0.00 0.11±0.01 (0.11–0.13) (0.10–0.12) 0.11±0.00 0.11±0.00 (0.10–0.12) (0.09–0.12) IOD:IN 0.88±0.03 0.88 (0.86–0.90) 0.92±0.07 0.91±0.11 (0.81–1.00) (0.71–1.00) 0.95 0.83±0.03 (0.95–0.95) (0.80–0.87) 0.75±0.13 0.63±0.07 (0.61–0.96) (0.55–0.69) 0.77±0.10 0.64±0.08 (0.55–0.90) (0.53–0.78) MBE:HL 0.18±0.01 0.19 (0.17–0.19) 0.29±0.03 0.28±0.03 (0.27–0.32) (0.24–0.32) 0.30 0.31±0.01 (0.30–0.31) (0.30–0.32) 0.31±0.03 0.33±0.04 (0.27–0.35) (0.29–0.38) 0.33±0.03 0.34±0.05 (0.27–0.38) (0.28–0.41) FAL:HAL 0.71±0.03 0.75 (0.69–0.73) 0.85±0.08 0.87±0.09 (0.80–0.96) (0.79–0.95) 0.86 0.83±0.02 (0.85–0.86) (0.80–0.84) 1.00±0.01 0.97±0.02 (0.96–1.02) (0.95–1.00) 1.01±0.07 1.02±0.09 (0.92–1.21) (0.93–1.27) FOL:TL 1.04±0.01 1.04 (1.03–1.05) 1.01±0.02 0.97±0.01 (0.97–1.03) (0.92–1.03) 0.99 1.06±0.08 (0.99–0.99) (0.99–1.15) 1.01±0.08 1.00±0.03 (0.85–1.08) (0.97–1.03) 0.97±0.05 0.94±0.06 (0.90–1.07) (0.87–1.00) Vo c a l marking on throat Butterfly _____ shaped dark mak- ing Laterally _____ dark and medially pale Laterally _____ dark and medially pale Crescent _____ shaped dark mak- ing “W” ______ shaped dark marking Relative length of fingers 2<4<1<3 2<4<1<3 2<1<4<3 2<1<4<3 2=4<1<3 2=4<1<3 1=2<4<3 1=2<4<3 2=4<1<3 2=4<1<3 Middorsal line Distinct Distinct & narrow & narrow Distinct Distinct & narrow & narrow Distinct Distinct with same with same width width throughout throughout from snout from snout to vent to vent Absent Absent Va ri ab l e Variable Skin fringe Weak and Weak and Ve ry i nd is - Ve ry i nd is - Absent Absent Vestige or Vestige or Distinct Distinct on outer side indistinct indistinct tinct tinct reduced reduced of 5th toe Body size 29.1–30.0 33.4 mm 21.4–0.1 22.5–31.2 25.6–27.8 23.1–29.4 27.1–30.0 32.8–37.2 37.8–44.1 35.7–52.3 (SVL) mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm Frequency ranges from 4–7.5 kHz with a dominant frequency around 4.1–5.1 kHz. Type 3 single note sound very similar to type 2. Duration of 5–11 ms (9.0±2.35, N=5) and inter-note duration of 5–6 ms (5.5±0.70, N=2). The frequency of type 3 notes ranges from 1 to 6.5 KHz with a dominant frequency between 2 and 4 kHz.