Bioacoustics of Mecopoda

Eumecopoda genus stat. rev. Generic characters (after Liu et al. 2020 ). Diagnostic characters. Large-sized species (habitus see e.g., fig. 4 in Liu et al. 2020 ). Fastigium verticis widened anteriorly. Head sulcate, with or without transverse lateral apices. Disc of pronotum flat, with truncate anterior and obtusely angular posterior margins, and distinct lateral carina. Tegmina surpassing apices of posterior femur. Prosternum bispinose. Male cerci with incurved apices, at tip with two minute acute teeth ( Fig. 3–4 ) as in many other mecopodine genera. Male subgenital plate elongate, with styli and distinct apical notch. Ovipositor robust, elongate, sword-like. Redescription. Head. Fastigium verticis widely truncated and 1.5–3 times wider than scapus. Thorax. Pronotum elongated and broadened backward. Male pronotum narrowest in the beginning of prozona, broadened backward after the first transverse sulcus. Disc of pronotum flat with the exception of distinct depression around the sulcus. Legs robust and long. Anterior coxa armed with a spine. Anterior femur longer than pronotum. Anterior and median femora with indistinct tiny spines on ventro-anterior margin; posterior femora with a few small spines near apex on ventro-posterior margin. Each tibia with fine spines on each margin. Tympana on the fore tibiae fully open on both sides, tibia widened at and abruptly constricted below tympana. Female pronotum similar to that of male in general, but less broadened backward especially in the ending of metazona. Wings. Male tegmina well developed, extending beyond abdominal apex and surpassing apex of hind femur. Large and often complicated mirror cells near base of the right tegmen ( Fig. 13 ). Number of stridulatory teeth between 44 and 139 (see Fig. 11 ), the lowest number observed in M. paucidens sp. nov. and the highest in M. prominens Gorochov, 2020 . Female tegmina also well developed extending beyond apex of abdomen, but distinguished from male tegmina by length and shape.

Table 2. Song parameters for the species (and its populations) within the species group niponensis duration of a 3- period of a 3- Temper number of analzed duration of a song period of a song species variable-syllable variable-syllable ature [º Locality references song unit unit [s] unit [s] subunit [s] subunit [s] C] 0.081± 0.0031 0.081 ±0.0031 M. niponensis 1 Korea this study ( 0.064 -0.085 ) ( 0.064 -0.085 ) 15.03±2.97 (10.55- 15.03±2.97 (10.55- 0.097± 0.024 0.111 ±0.004 M. niponensis 16 24 Fuyang, Anhui this study 19.9) 19.9) ( 0.093 -0.102 ) ( 0.102 -0.119 ) 16.68±1.72(14.31- 16.68±1.72 (14.31- 0.123± 0.002 0.134 ±0.002 Liankangshan, M. niponensis 20 23 this study 20.3) 20.3) ( 0.119 -0.131 ) ( 0.130 -0.143 ) Henan 17.42±1.47 (15.4- 17.42±1.47 (15.4- 0.103± 0.001 0.109 ±0.001 M. niponensis 22 22 Shaowu, Fujian this study 21) 21) ( 0.102 -0.105 ) ( 0.107 -0.112 ) 15.7±1.33 (15.7- 15.7±1.33 (15.7- 0.119± 0.003 0.133 ±0.003 M. niponensis 5 ca.22 Tongling, Anhui this study 19.1) 19.1) ( 0.113 -0.125 ) ( 0.129 -0.144 ) 11.55±1.66 (9.75- 11.55±1.66 (9.75- 0.077± 0.0014 0.084 ±0.0016 M. niponensis 26 ca.25 Qichun, Hubei this study 15.8) 15.8) ( 0.075 -0.080 ) ( 0.081 -0.089 ) 18.57±0.91 (17.5- 18.57±0.91 (17.5- 0.132± 0.00095 0.132 ±0.00095 M. niponensis 8 22 Jinhua, Zhejiang this study 20) 20) ( 0.129 -0.135 ) ( 0.129 -0.135 ) 11.72±1.73 (9.6- 11.72±1.73 (9.6- 0.103± 0.00275 0.103 ±0.00275 Qingyuanshan, M. niponensis 10 ca.25 this study 15.7) 15.7) ( 0.096 -0.115 ) ( 0.096 -0.115 ) Jiangxi 11.71±0.53 (10.85- 11.71±0.53 (10.85- 0.095± 0.00285 0.095 ±0.00285 M. niponensis 10 ca.25 Tongren, Guangxi this study 12.7) 12.7) ( 0.090 -0.104 ) ( 0.090 -0.104 ) 10.70±1.11 (8.8- 10.70±1.11 (8.8- 0.0798± 0.00618 0.0798 ±0.00618 M. niponensis 26 ca.25 Hunan this study 14.6) 14.6) ( 0.056 -0.086 ) ( 0.056 -0.086 ) Temper number of analzed duration of a song period of a song duration of a period of a syllable song type ature [º Locality references song unit unit [s] unit [s] syllable [s] [s] C] 0.3484± 0.00955 0.3484 ± 0.00955 0.0269 ± 0.00099 0.027 ±0.00097 Heishiding, M. fallax 42 ca. 26 this study (0.326-0.37) (0.326-0.37) ( 0.0254 -0.0292 ) ( 0.0258 -0.0297 ) Guangdong 0.7564± 0.04039 0.7564 ± 0.04039 0.0287 ± 0.00085 0.0293 ±0.00087 Wuzhishan, M. fallax 35 ca.24 this study ( 0.615 -0.805 ) ( 0.615 -0.805 ) ( 0.0265 -0.0302 ) ( 0.027 -0.0308 ) Hainan 0.3207± 0.01422 0.3207 ± 0.01422 0.0222 ± 0.00094 0.0229 ±0.00110 ca.27- Damingshan, M. fallax 115 this study ( 0.283 -0.352 ) ( 0.283 -0.352 ) ( 0.0208 -0.0247 ) ( 0.0212 -0.0252 ) 29 Guangxi 0.5763± 0.03258 0.5763 ± 0.03258 0.0268 ± 0.00087 0.0268 ±0.00087 M. fallax 66 26 Maguan, Yunnan this study (0.520-0.71) (0.520-0.71) ( 0.0245 -0.0288 ) ( 0.0245 -0.0288 ) Liu et al. M. fallax 0.572±0.004 24 Delong, Yunnan 2019 4.4823± 0.03122 4.6485 ± 0.0497 0.0341 ± 0.00055 0.0341 ±0.00055 Wangtianshu, M. crescendo 6 ca.25 this study ( 4.434 -4.513 ) ( 4.559 -4.6998 ) ( 0.0265 -0.0473 ) ( 0.0265 -0.0473 ) Yunnan 2.969± 0.09986 3.963 ±0.1247 Wangtianshu, M. crescendo 22 ca.27 this study ( 2.685 -3.099 ) ( 3.675 -4.253 ) Yunnan 0.0419± 0.00052 0.0419 ±0.00052 Mengping, M. himalaya ca.22 this study ( 0.0401 -0.0433 ) ( 0.0401 -0.0433 ) Yunnan 0.068± 0.0006 0.068 ±0.0006 Wangtianshu, M. marmorata 100 ca.25 this study ( 0.065 -0.068 ) ( 0.065 -0.068 ) Yunnan \ Notes. The numbers in brackets indicates values' range. Redescription. Head. Fastigium of vertex is widely truncated and 1.5–3 times wider than scapus. Thorax. Pronotum is elongated and broadened backward. Male pronotum is narrowest in the beginning of prozona, broadened backward after the first transverse sulcus. Disc of pronotum is flat with the exception of distinct depression around the sulcus. Legs are robust and long. Anterior coxa is armed with a spine. Anterior femur is longer than pronotum. Anterior and median femora possess indistinct tiny spines on ventro-anterior margin; posterior femora possess a few small spines near apex on ventro-posterior margin. Each tibia possesses fine spines on each margin. Tymapana on the fore tibiae is fully open on both sides, widened at and abruptly constricted below tympana. Female pronotum resembles that of male in general, but is less broadened backward especially in the ending of metazona. Wings. Male tegmina are well developed, extending beyond abdominal apex and surpassing apex of hind femur. The number of stridulatory teeth varies between 64 and 122 at the species level (Table 4; Fig. 5 ). The lowest number is observed in M. marmorata He while the highest in M. minor yunnanensis . Female tegmina are also well developed and extend beyond apex of abdomen, but are distinguished from male tegmina by the length and shape. Table 3. Song parameters for the species (and its populations) within the species group confracta number of number of duration of a period of a duration of a period of a Temperatur data song type syllables in a chirp in a Locality song unit [s] song unit [s] single chirp [s] single chirp [s] e [ºC] sourse chirp song unit 0.216± 0.0065 0.443 ±0.0090 Damingshan, B1 1 ca.27 this study ( 0.195 -0.222 ) ( 0.421 -0.459 ) 9 Guangxi 0.207± 0.0214 0.461 ±0.0249 Dinghushan, M. confracta 1 ca.27 this study ( 0.161 -0.266 ) ( 0.414 -0.555 ) 7 Guangxi 0.182± 0.0107 0.445 ±0.0091 Heishiding, M. confracta 1 ca.26 this study ( 0.149 -0.199 ) ( 0.414 -0.466 ) 8 Guangdong 0.261± 0.0127 0.509 ±0.0280 Maguan, M. confracta 1 ca.26 this study ( 0.223 -0.277 ) ( 0.448 -0.577 ) 11 Yunnan 0.268± 0.0095 0.562 ±0.0123 Menglun, M. confracta 1 ca.27 this study ( 0.248 -0.283 ) ( 0.535 -0.593 ) 12 Yunnan 0.228± 0.0167 0.315 ±0.0094 Menglun, M. confracta 1 ca.28 this study ( 0.195 -0.272 ) ( 0.282 -0.349 ) 6 Yunnan 0.325± 0.0055 0.325 ±0.0055 Menglun, M. confracta 1 ca.28 this study ( 0.318 -0.350 ) ( 0.318 -0.350 ) 6 Yunnan 6.110± 0.365 12.895 ± 0.998 0.0503 ± 0.0017 0.182 ± 0.0194 35±3 (31- Tiandong , M. synconfracta 24 this study (5.67-6.6) (11.9-13.89) ( 0.047 -0.054 ) ( 0.159 -0.221 ) 2 38) Guangxi 6.392± 0.051± 0.0040 0.161 ±0.0048 39.5±0.5 Jianfengling, M. synconfracta ca.25 this study 0.0735(6.32- 14.75 ( 0.039 -0.057 ) ( 0.153 -0.180 ) 2 (39-40) Hainan 5.963±0.5625 20.25±4.75 0.0547± 0.00213 0.185 ±0.0094 31.5±4.5 Liuzhou, M. synconfracta 22 this study (5.4-6.525) (15.5-25) ( 0.0505 -0.0579 ) ( 0.172 -0.203 ) 2 (27-36) Guangxi 6.383± 11.029± 0.0796± 0.0036 0.113 ±0.0260 55.67±2.58 M. synconfracta 20 Shenzhen this study 0.31630 0.33595 ( 0.0626 -0.0832 ) ( 0.090 -0.202 ) 2 (51-60) 0.5176± 0.04196 3.185 ±0.0318 14.06±0.539(13- Southeastern Mecopoda _"S" 1 ca. 20 this study ( 0.4475 -0.610 ) (3.125-3.26) 15) Asia " M. elongata Guangzhou, Liu et al. 1 20 elongata "? 5.98±0.17 ~18.57 36 Guangdong 2019 Notes. The numbers in brackets indicates values range. " M.elongata elongata " ( Liu et al. 2019 ) is questionable. Table 4. Song parameters for the species (and its populations) within the species group minor Temperature (sub)species chirp segment trill segment Locality references [ºC] duration of a period of a number duration of a period of a single chirp single chirp [s] of chirps syllable [s] syllable [s] 0.209± 0.0236 0.696 ± 0.1009 0.0158 ± 0.00230 0.0246 ±0.0024 M. m. minor 27 28 Japan this study ( 0.169 -0.247 ) ( 0.297 -0.827 ) ( 0.0110 -0.0204 ) ( 0.0175 -0.119 ) 0.412± 0.0197 1.193 ± 0.0741 0.0350 ± 0.00264 0.0350 ±0.00264 M. m. minor 23 22 Jingmen, Hubei this study ( 0.377 -0.449 ) ( 1.025 -1.352 ) ( 0.0314 -0.0390 ) ( 0.0314 -0.0390 ) 0.0353± 0.00344 0.0353 ±0.00344 M. m. minor - - - 22 Jinhua, Zhejiang this study ( 0.0298 -0.0403 ) ( 0.0298 -0.0403 ) 0.0429± 0.00334 0.0429 ±0.00334 Qingyuanshan, M. m. minor - - - ca.21 this study ( 0.0356 -0.0493 ) ( 0.0356 -0.0493 ) Jiangxi 0.0389± 0.00055 0.0389 ±0.00055 Tongren, M. m. minor - - - 24 this study ( 0.0376 -0.0403 ) ( 0.0376 -0.0403 ) Guangxi 0.0367± 0.00076 0.0367 ±0.00076 Damingshan, M. m. minor - - - ca.23 this study ( 0.0390 -0.0350 ) ( 0.0390 -0.0350 ) Guangxi 0.05078± 0.05078±0.00139 Zhaoqing, M. m. minor - - - 0.00139 ca.20 this study ( 0.0477 -0.0569 ) Guangdong ( 0.0477 -0.0569 ) 0.0887± 0.00730 0.0887 ±0.00730 Yuanmou, M. m. yunnana - - - ca.18 this study ( 0.0797 -0.1038 ) ( 0.0797 -0.1038 ) Yunnan 0.1311± 0.00817 0.1311 ±0.00817 chengjiang, M. m. yunnana - - - 14 this study ( 0.1204 -0.1881 ) ( 0.1204 -0.1881 ) Yunnan Wuzhishan, Liu et al. M. hainanensis 0.66±0.03 1.54 0.136±0.001 26 Hainan 2019 Notes. The numbers in brackets indicates values' range. The dash indicates that data were not analyzed.