Bioacoustics of Mastighaphoides

Male. Head. Head not especially narrow when viewed from above, strongly slanting in lateral aspect; frons smooth, shining, a feeble straight carina extending from base of antenna near eye; clypeus swollen. Fastigium of frons absent, indicated only by median ocellus; fastigium of vertex rather poorly defined, with a longitudinal median sulcus, sides not modified. Eyes positioned high on head, round, moderately protruding ( Fig. 14A ) lateral ocelli absent. Antenna with scrobes prominent and extensive, forming an “A-shaped” carina extending to eye ( Fig. 14A, B ); scape cylindrical to weakly dorso-ventrally flattened, about 1.5–2.0 times length of pedicel and bearing a small tooth dorsally ( Fig. 14B ), pedicel relatively small compared to scape, only slightly larger than adjacent first segment of flagellum; flagellum thin, thread-like, more than twice the length of the individual when intact. Thorax. Pronotum with surface flat to tumid and irregular, tuberculate and bearing 2 prominent transverse sulci (metanotum with surface irregular and with ill-defined sulci ( Fig. 14A )); anterior margin of disk truncate and unarmed, posterior margin evenly obtuse and unarmed. Thoracic auditory spiracle small, circular, not concealed by pronotum ( Fig. 14C ). Sternum with prosternum armed with a pair of elongate spikes, slightly divergent apically; mesosternum with a pair of narrow processes, not especially cup-like, apically acutely pointed ( Fig. 14E ); metasternum with a similar pair of processes, slightly larger. Legs. Legs elongate, slender. Fore coxa armed with an elongate spine, fore femur laterally compressed, not carinate, armed ventrally on both margins with small spines, genicular lobes armed only on posterior margin with a small recurved tooth; fore tibia quadrate in outline, armed dorsally on posterior margin with a few small tooth-like spines in proximal one-quarter, only in females, males unarmed, both sexes with a series of setae on both anterior and posterior margins of dorsal surface, ventral surface with small spines on both margins, none apical in position; tympanum open and of similar size on each side. Middle femur laterally feebly compressed, dorsal surface faintly sulcate in apical half, ventral surface with a series of small spines or tooth-like spines on each margin; genicular lobes armed on both sides; middle tibia strongly laterally compressed and swollen basally, dorsal surface unarmed (males) or armed with a series of small spines, ventral surface armed on both sides with a small number of minute spines, apex with a larger spine on each side; margins armed on both surfaces with many minute setae. Hind femur elongate, laterally compressed basally, ventral surface armed on both margins (female) or only on outer margin (males); genicular lobes armed on both sides with a minute spine. Wings. Tegmina reaching well beyond apex of abdomen in both sexes ( Figs. 1 , 18A, B , 14I ,), tegminal venation rather reduced ( Figs. 21 A–I); costal field expanded, costa and subcosta absent or poorly indicated. Veins R and M scarcely distinguished from one another, diverging apically; Rs and M absent; stridulatory vein short, swollen, prominent; right tegmen of male with large almost square mirror without internal venation. Apex of tegmen subtruncate or abruptly obtuse ( Figs. 21 A–I), a characteristic of the genus. Hind wing fan-like, well developed, suited for flight, extending to or slightly less than apex of tegmen. Abdomen. Male. Tenth tergite straight, not produced or concave; supra-anal plate very elongate, narrow, apically acute, unarmed on sides (single exception M. lewisensis sp nov, which has no trace of a supra-anal plate ( Fig. 15G ); cercus elongate with a small apical tooth directed inwards; paraprocts armed with a small curved tooth directed internally; phallus without any sclerotised parts. Subgenital plate elongate ( Fig. 15H ), narrow, with median carina, apex without any trace of styli. Female. Much larger than male, fully winged, capable of flight. Tenth tergite with supra-anal plate very elongate, apically acute; subgenital plate triangular, with traces of a median carina. Ovipositor ( Figs. 14H , 17L ) falcate, much shorter than length of hind femur, unarmed. Colour. Overall colour uniformly green. The tegmina may have dark or irregular light areas that appear as imperfections on leaves. These blotches may be not bilaterally symmetrical.