Bioacoustics of Limassolla

1. Aedeagus without processes ( Limassolla multipunctata group)................................................. 2 - Aedeagus with processes............................................................................... 8 2. Aedeagal shaft compressed, much wider in lateral view than in posterior view..................................... 3 - Aedeagal shaft tubular, approximately same width in lateral and posterior views................................... 5 3. Aedeagal shaft with dorsal margin strongly sclerotized, apex concave in posterior view.................................................................................................. L. lingchuanensis ( Chou & Zhang, 1985 ) - Aedeagal shaft uniformly sclerotized, apex rounded or tapered in posterior view................................... 4 4. Aedeagus with posterior margin evenly rounded in lateral view; subgenital plate with two long macrosetae subbasally............................................................................... L. emmrichi Dworakowska, 1972 - Aedeagus with posterior margin subquadrate in lateral view; subgenital plate with single long macroseta subbasally............................................................................... L. multipunctata (Matsumura, 1920) 5. Aedeagal shaft apex rounded or obliquely truncate in lateral and posterior views.......... L. ishiharai Dworakowska, 1972 - Aedeagal shaft tapered to sharp point or irregular in lateral or posterior views..................................... 6 6. Aedeagal shaft apex tapered to sharp point in lateral and posterior views............ L. rubrolimbata Zhang & Chou, 1988 - Aedeagal shaft apex irregularly rounded in lateral and posterior views........................................... 7 7. Aedeagal shaft with longitudinal lateral ridge; connective without median anterior lobe................ L. kunyica sp. nov. - Aedeagus shaft without lateral ridge; connective with median anterior lobe.......................... L. uncata sp. nov. 8. Aedeagus with apical and basal processes, either single or paired ( Limassolla dworakowskae group).................... 9 - Aedeagus with either apical or basal processes, but not both.................................................. 12 9. Aedeagal shaft with paired apical processes............................................................... 10 - Aedeagal shaft with single apical process................................................................. 11 10. Aedeagus apical processes lamella-like, with serrated lateral margins..................... L. yingjianga Song & Li, 2011 - Aedeagus apical processes teeth-like................................................ L. unica Zhang & Xiao, 2000 11. Aedeagus with paired basal processes......................................... L. dworakowskae Chou & Ma, 1981 - Aedeagus with single basal process............................................... L. qianfoensis Song & Li, 2011 12. Aedeagus with 1–4 apical processes, no basal process ( Limassolla dispunctata group).............................. 13 - Aedeagus with basal process or processes, no apical process ( Limassolla aureata group)............................ 22 13. Aedeagal shaft with two pairs of apical processes........................................................... 14 - Aedeagal shaft with one pair of apical processes............................................................ 17 14. Apical processes of aedeagal shaft petiolate at base......................................................... 15 - Apical processes of aedeagal shaft directly bifurcate................................... L. diospyri Chou & Ma, 1981 15. Two pairs of apical processes of aedeagal shaft bifurcate...................................................... 16 - One pair of apical processes of aedeagal shaft bifurcate.............................. L. dispunctata Chou & Ma, 1981 16. Aedeagus apical processes length similar to preapical processes.......................... L . hebeiensis Cai et al ., 1992 - Aedeagus apical processes shorter than preapical processes.......................... L . dangjinensis Sumin et al ., 2020 17. Aedeagus with pair of apical processes extended distad and unpaired preapical processes extended basad......................................................................................... L. discoloris Zhang & Chou, 1988 - Aedeagal processes arising from apex of shaft............................................................. 18 18. Apex of aedeagus with three processes, one extended distally and two extended basad....... L. koreana Hossain et al ., 2019 - Aedeagus with one pair of processes, without unpaired process............................................... 19 19. Aedeagus apical processes extended distad................................................................ 20 - Aedeagus apical processes extended basad................................................................ 21 20. Forewing mostly dark with large pale spots; aedeagus abruptly narrowed preapically in lateral view.................................................................................................... L. kakii Chou & Ma, 1981 - Forewing mostly pale with small dark spots; aedeagus evenly tapered preapically in lateral view...... L. bicruralis sp. nov. 21. Each aedeagal process wide and flat, with distinct preapical angle............................ L. rutila Song & Li, 2011 - Each aedeagal process narrow and long, without preapical angle..................... L. yunnanana Zhang & Chou, 1988 22. Aedeagus with pair of basal processes.................................................................... 23 - Aedeagus with single basal process...................................................................... 25 23. Aedeagus with basal processes broad, longer than shaft............................. L. galewskii Dworakowska, 1969 - Aedeagus with basal processes slender, shorter than aedeagal shaft............................................. 24 24. Gonopore apical............................................................. L. fasciata Zhang & Chou, 1988 - Gonopore subapical............................................................. L. forcipata Song & Li, 2011 25. Aedeagus with basal process shorter than shaft............................................................. 26 - Aedeagus with basal process as long as or longer than shaft................................................... 28 26. Basal process of aedeagus denticulate...................................................... L. spinulata sp. nov. - Basal process of aedeagus smooth....................................................................... 27 27. Aedeagus with basal process well separated from shaft in lateral view..................... L. auriculata Song & Li, 2011 - Aedeagus with basal process closely appressed to shaft in lateral view........................ L. nigropunctata sp. nov. 28. Connective with median anterior lobe, aedeagus with shaft emarginate apically in lateral view................................................................................................... L. discreta Chou & Zhang, 1985 - Connective without median anterior lobe.................................................................. 29 29. Aedeagus basal process longer than aedeagal shaft, apex bifurcate in posterior view..... L. multimacula Chiang et al ., 1988 - Aedeagus basal process as long as aedeagal shaft, apex tapered in posterior view............. L. lanyua Chiang et al ., 1989

Description. Generic characteristics as in Linnavuori (1962 ); description based on Linnavuori (1962 ), Zhang (1990 ) and Song and Li (2012 ), with additional features from new species as follows: body small, length 2.0– 3.6 mm ; coloration bright, dominant hues red, orange, yellow, scattered dark maculae forming characteristic pattern; vertex with median part conically produced, widest part slightly narrower than maximum width of pronotum (Fig. 1 a, e, i, m, q); face convex, ocelli completely absent (Fig. 1 b, f, j, n, r); coronal suture distinct; pronotum transverse, anterior margin weakly arcuate, posterior margin nearly straight or slightly emarginate; vertex and pronotum usually with red, orange or yellow maculae, maculation variable in form, mostly longitudinal fasciae, lateral spots or irregular patches (Fig. 1 a, e, i, m, q); mesoscutellum small, nearly triangular, base often with small pale or dark maculae, apex darker; forewing elongate, surface smooth, numerous scattered dark maculae, maculation variable in size, number and arrangement within and between species (Figs 1 , 2 I , 3 I , 4 I , 5 I , 6 I ); third apical cell triangular, base distinctly constricted and petiolate; fourth apical cell apically obsolescent in some species, not reaching wing margin; hindwing hyaline, venation simplified (Figs 2 J , 3 J , 4 J , 5 J , 6 J ), submarginal vein anastomosing with CuA near mCuA (Fig. 2 J ). Abdominal apodemes well developed (Figs 2 D , 3 D , 4 H , 5 D , 6 D ). Male genitalia : Pygofer lobe asetose of macrosetae, lateral surface with thin microsetae (Figs 2 A , 3 A , 4 A , 5 A , 6 A ); ventral margin with well-developed ventral pygofer appendage from inner surface, posterodorsally directed, dorsal pygofer appendage present or absent (Figs 2 B , 3 B , 4 B , 5 C , 6 B ). Subgenital plate abruptly constricted subapically, ventral surface with a row of macrosetae, or only one (or two) macrosetae basally (Figs 2 A , 3 A , 4 A , 5 A , 6 A ). Style broad subbasally, apex pediform (Figs 2 G , 3 G , 4 F , 5 F , 6 G ), fine setae on subapex or neck in some species (Figs 2 G , 3 G , 4 F ). Connective generally Y-shaped, with short lateral arms and long or short stem; median process small or reduced and absent (Figs 2 F , 3 F , 4 G , 5 G , 6 F ). Aedeagus highly heteromorphic, usually with processes; processes divergent in shape and insertion position (Figs 2 E , 3 E , 4 D , 5 E , 6 E ).