Bioacoustics of Liaghinella andina

Description. Apterous male : MEASUREMENTS ( Holotype ): Total length: 8.95. Head length: 1.40, width: 0.93, height: 0.70; interocular space 0.56; length of labial segments II: 0.43, III: 0.33, IV: 0.80; scapus: 2.56, pedicellus: 1.40, basiflagellomere: 0.20, distiflagellomere: 0.93. Thorax, pronotum length: 1.26, width: 0.96; mesonotum length: 0.83, width: 1.16; metanotum length: 0.40, width: 1.30. Legs, procoxa length: 1.66, width: 0.33; profemur length: 2.53, width: 0.48; protibia length: 1.20; protarsus length: 1.23; mesofemur length: 2.80, width: 0.20; mesotibia length: 3.36; length of mesotarsal segments I: 0.15, II: 0.07, III: 0.13; metafemur length: 4.13, width: 0.20; metatibia length: 4.86; length of mesotarsal segments I: 0.13, II: 0.08; III: 0.12. Abdomen, length: 5.06; maximum width: 1.46. COLORATION: Overall color dark brown, dull, antennae and tibiae yellowish brown (figs. 1A, C). Head: Dark; clypeus apically light brown; anteocular region light brown, postocular region dark with a tenuous longitudinal yellowish line; labium yellowishbrown, somewhat darker at base of third (second visible) segment; antennae yellowish, scapus and pedicellus apically dark, basiflagellomere dark, distiflagellomere basally and apically dark. Thorax: Pronotum with blurred longitudinal narrow pale line; meso- and metanota with a yellowish longitudinal line, and paired lateral yellowish lines. Legs : Procoxa dorsally somewhat yellowish; profemur dark brown, dorsally yellowish brown with an irregular pattern of dark markings, three irregular pale spots laterally between the dark and yellowish areas (fig. 1C); spiniferous processes of posteroventral series of profemur, including large basal one, yellowish with dark apices; meso- and metafemora dark brown with irregular and scattered pale markings; protibia yellowish, with base, apex, and ventral surface dark brown; meso- and metatibiae yellowish, darkened at base and apex, with sub-basal dark ring; protarsus light brown; meso- and metatarsi dark brown. Abdomen: Tergite I dark brown with pale longitudinal line, tergites II–V light brown, VI and VII darker; tubercles on each dorsal laterotergite segment pale; sternites dark brown. SURFACE AND VESTITURE: Body covered with numerous setiferous tubercles and scattered small whitish setae; setae on tubercles hooklike, strongly curved (fig. 5E). STRUCTURE: Head: Clypeus acute, with whitish setae on surface (fig. 2B); scapus basally curved, remaining segments straight (fig. 1A), pedicellus with an apical trichobothrium surrounded by small dense setae; anteocular region approximately twice as long as postocular, the latter gently constricted towards neck (fig. 1A); interocular sulcus running before eyes, curved posteriorly, strongly impressed (fig. 2A); eyes rounded, small, not reaching upper or bottom edge of head in lateral view (fig. 2B); gula with numerous very short dense golden setae, area next to gula glabrous; labial segment II wide, slightly curved; III as wide as II at base, tapering apically; IV nearly straight, slightly curved at apex, narrow, reaching stridulatory sulcus (fig. 2B). Thorax: Pronotum cylindrical, declivent, ovoid in dorsal view, about as long as meso- and metanota combined, anterolateral angles blunt, slightly excavated medially before posterior margin; meso- and metanota bell-shaped, with slightly impressed median longitudinal carina, and paired lateral rows of setiferous tubercles; mesonotum constricted anteriorly (fig. 2A, arrow); stridulatory sulcus triangular, slightly surpassing procoxal cavities, lateral margins strongly projected as flap-like processes; prosternum with posterior margin emarginated; meso- and metasterna with strongly elevated median longitudinal carina. Legs : Procoxa cylindrical, about half length of profemur; meso- and metacoxae globose, laterally with numerous whitish setae; trochanters on all legs elongate ovoid; profemur wider than procoxa, narrow basally and apically, barely longer than protibia and protarsus combined; posteroventral series not interrupted at base, composed of apically blunt, small and medium-sized spiniform processes intermixed with setae, basal process larger than any of series (fig. 2C, arrow), setae longer than processes (fig. 2C); anteroventral series not interrupted at base (fig. 2D, arrow), composed of spiniform setae arising from short bases (fig. 2D), apex of series with medium-sized spiniform tubercle; accessory series composed of very short spiniform tubercles; meso- and metafemora long, slender, about half width of procoxa; mesofemur straight; metafemur curved basally in dorsal view (fig. 1A); protibia subequal in length to protarsus, ventroapically with dense patch of long setae, and with one row of triangular tubercles on ventral surface (fig. 5A); meso- and metatibiae straight; protarsus long, heavily sclerotized, ventrally with two rows of small, relatively long, heavily sclerotized adpressed spiniform processes (fig. 5B); meso- and metatarsi three-segmented; fore claws unequal in size, lateral shorter than the medial one, former with inconspicuous, latter with conspicuous ventral, medially incised lamella (fig. 5C); mid and hind claws larger than fore claws, medial and lateral claws symmetrical, with a distinct ventral lamella, incised more basally than fore claws (fig. 5D). Abdomen: Broadly joined with metanotum, and with scattered whitish setae on entire ventral surface; tergite I triangular, with a median longitudinal carina; tergites II–VI each with irregular fine transverse lines, and with a medial tubercle on posterior margin, somewhat elevated in tergites V–VI; tergite VII elevated laterally and somewhat excavated medially in proximal half, covering pygophore on its distal half (fig. 3A), apically triangular, flat, blunt (fig. 3C), with transverse lines and a few whitish setae; dorsal laterotergites slightly wider than ventral laterotergites, with relatively more whitish small setae than tergites, each segment with a small blunt tubercle directed posteriad; each sternite partially covering the respective ventral laterotergite; sternites II–VII with a medial longitudinal carina; sternite VIII completely visible with spiracles located on sclerites projecting posteriad, posterior margin broadly cleft medially (fig. 2F). Genitalia: Pygophore relatively large, with scattered whitish setae; medial process on posterior margin of pygophore rectangular, slightly directed backwards (fig. 3B), gently constricted before apex, with two blunt processes projecting laterad (fig. 3E); parameres externally visible, long, with numerous setae, L-shaped in lateral view, hook-shaped apically, strongly produced (fig. 3G); aedeagus symmetrical, cylindrical; articulatory apparatus strongly curved in lateral view; dorsal phallothecal sclerite heavily sclerotized on distal half, dorsoapically with a drop-like notch; phallotheca with ventral sclerotization noticeable in lateral view; basal plate struts apparently not joining phallotheca, hardly visible in lateral view; endosoma with small and medium sized dark sclerotized spiniform processes; apical endosomal process protruding from apex of phallotheca in uninflated condition, rounded apically in dorsal view, with several dorsally denticulate, sawlike processes in lateral view (fig. 3H). Apterous female : Similar to male but slightly larger and wider. MEASUREMENTS (one paratype ): Total length: 9.45. Head length: 1.43, width: 0.96, height: 0.73; interocular space 0.60; length of labial segments II: 0.50, III: 0.36, IV: 0.83; scapus: 2.60, pedicellus: 1.43, basiflagellomere: 0.16, distiflagellomere: 1.00. Thorax, pronotum length: 1.33, width: 1.03; mesonotum length: 0.83, width: 1.50; metanotum length: 0.46, width: 1.30. Legs, procoxa length: 1.73, width: 0.33; profemur length: 2.86, width: 0.56; protibia length: 1.27; protarsus length: 1.33; mesofemur length: 2.80, width: 0.20; mesotibia length: 3.40; lengths of mesotarsal segments I: 0.16, II: 0.12, III: 0.15; metafemur length: 3.93, width: 0.20; metatibia length: 4.73; lengths of metatarsal segments I: 0.20, II: 0.12; III: 0.16. Abdomen length: 5.40; maximum width: 1.90. COLORA- TION: Very similar to male’s (figs. 1B, D), except as follows. Thorax: Legs : Procoxa dorsally yellowish; meso- and metafemora yellowish, mesofemur with two irregular subapical dark rings, metafemur with one subapical ring. Abdomen: Dorsally dark brown; each dorsal laterotergite segment with an anterolateral yellowish spot. STRUCTURE: Thorax: Anteroventral series of profemur with spiniform tubercle at apex of series larger than in male. Abdomen: Dorsal laterotergites with tubercles strongly projecting posteriorly, in particular segment VII; sternum VII preapically concave (figs. 1D, 4A). Genitalia: Tergite VIII transverse, not clearly separated from tergite IX, spiracles located on a lateral rounded sclerite, posterior margin with elevated ridge, medial longitudinal carina, and paired ovoid protuberances; tergite IX elongate, subrectangular, with tenuous transverse ridges, medially prominent transverse carina elevated longitudinally, carina reaching posterior margin, with paired lateral prominent elongate protuberances, posterior margin broadly emarginate; first gonocoxa broadly rounded in lateral view, with minute transverse ridges; first gonapophysis usually not protruding (figs. 4A, B); opening of the anus with numerous setae. Egg : Subcylindrical, somewhat ovoid at base, shiny black; chorion without noticeable microsculpturation; operculum reticulated, with its center elevated; corona with 12 long slender prolongations (fig. 4D); adherent substance present at base, light brown, sometimes almost imperceptible. Late instar : COLORATION: Overall color light brown. Head: Area between eyes somewhat paler than the rest; setiferous tubercles with pale bases; eyes red; antennae brown, scapus yellowish at the base, distiflagellomere mostly yellowish, slightly darkened at base. Thorax: Pronotum somewhat dark anteriorly, with a central pale area; sterna dark brown. Legs : Profemur with two lateral and three medial yellowish spots; processes of posteroventral series yellowish, with dark apices; protibia with inconspicuous median pale ring; protarsus brownish, yellowish basally; middle and hind legs yellowish, with an irregular dark and pale pattern. Abdomen: Dorsally yellowish, ventrally dark brown. STRUCTURE: Head: Nearly oval; postocular region with numerous large setiferous tubercles, smaller tubercles on vertex; clypeus with small apical tubercle; eyes circular in lateral view, neither reaching superior nor inferior margins of head; postocular sulcus deeply impressed; labium enlarged; scapus basally curved, longer than remaining segments, basiflagellomere the shortest, distiflagellomere slightly longer than pedicellus, somewhat expanded apically. Thorax: Pronotum wider on anterior margin than posterior one, with numerous setiferous tubercles, anterolateral angles blunt, convex in lateral view, more convex posteriorly; mesonotum constricted anteriorly but wide, with lateral carina bearing setiferous tubercles; coxal cavities and part of coxae visible from above; meso- and metapleura with setiferous tubercles; prosternum flat with a few setiferous tubercles. Legs : Procoxa cylindrical, protrochanter without spines, profemur somewhat cylindrical, narrow basally and apically; anteroventral series of profemur not interrupted at base, composed of small spiniform setae inserted on wart-like bases, apex of series with small tubercle; posteroventral series composed of five medium-sized processes, several small ones, and a basal process twice as large as other tubercles of series, all intermixed with long setae; protibia expanded apically, with hook-shaped processes on ventral surface and a tuft of setae ventroapically; protarsus not segmented; mid and hind legs with curved, hook-like setae on femora and tibiae; meso- and metacoxae globose; meso- and metatrochanters subequal in size to respective coxa; meso- and metafemora cylindrical, straight, slightly expanded apically, metafemur slightly curved in dorsal view; meso- and metatibiae straight, slender than respective femur; meso- and metatarsi two-segmented, setose ventrally, segment I shorter than II. Abdomen: Broadly jointed with metanotum, narrowing posteriorly, with lateral margins subparallel; tergites flat; each dorsal laterotergite posteriorly with a small protuberance preceded of small, scattered setiferous tubercles; sternites convex, with numerous curved setae.