Bioacoustics of Lamprima

Description. Length. Male 13–60 mm (usually 20–45 mm ) including mandibles, mandibles 10–38% of overall length ( Figs 1–14 ); female 13–27 mm including mandibles, mandibles 5–9% of overall length ( Figs 15–20 ). Dorsal surface without scales or visible setae; venter setose, setae simple. Head . Male without dorsal tubercles on head, anterior of head concave or truncate ( Figs 21–32 ); genae welldeveloped anterior to eyes but not laterally expanded, at most slightly anteriorly angulate in males; female head not narrowed compared with male; temples short but slightly angulate, shallowly grooved or notched to accommodate anterior angles of pronotum; head deeply inserted into pronotum which almost reaches eyes ( Figs 33–44 ); eyes undivided, reniform, with shallowly concave anterior and posterior margins, the anteroventral margin sharp and linear, forming the outer edge of the antennal groove; antennae not geniculate, with 10 antennomeres, with 3 antennomere club, the club antennomeres entirely densely setose and often closely appressed; antennomere 7 cupuliform, with thin lateral lobe and 6 slightly asymmetric (male) or with thin lobe (female); male mandibles as long as or longer than head and usually densely internally setose in male (not L. imberbis ); male mandible without basal dorsal tooth; each female mandible with only one dorsal cusp, with large strongly incurved basal ventral tooth, overlapping at tips; penultimate labial palpomere angulate on inner margin in male, not angulate in female; labium broad, approximately one third width of head; mentum solid and punctate, apex truncate; pregula flat; lateroventral grooves present between eyes and sides of buccal cavity for retention of scape. Thorax . Pronotum ( Figs 1–44 ) convex with angulate (most males) to rounded sides, broadest slightly posterior to middle, without prominent anterior or posterior angles; anterior of pronotum broadly margined; middle of prosternal process concealed between procoxae, apex flat. Scutellum almost equilateral triangular. Elytra nonstriate but may have irregular, shallow grooves, with scattered shallow simple concave punctures, surface of interspaces smooth and shiny to dull and wrinkled but always with finely microreticulate microsculpture, usually slightly granulose in males ( Figs 54–57 ). Elytral humeri not spined. Elytral epipleurae hidden from above, transversely strigose. Hindwings fully developed. Anterior field of mesoscutum strongly and closely punctate; scutellum semicircular to heart shaped; mesanepisternum with sparse, large punctures; posterior half mesepimeron, visible parts of metanepisternum, metepimeron and sides of metaventrite with dense, small punctures (partly coalescent, interspaces less than diameters) and setae; mesoventral process almost parallel-sided to junction with metaventrite, abruptly elevated anterior to this ( Figs 58–61 ); metanepisternum with elevated lobe at anterior angle locking into small depression on elytral epipleuron. Profemur without anterior ridge; male protibia ( Figs 62–75 ) with expanded blade- or fan-like flat spur, except L. imberbis with narrowly elongate, triangular, curved spur; female protibial spur narrowly elongate triangular; male protibia without secondary teeth between major teeth; female protibia without subsidiary teeth between large teeth on outer edge; male metatibia without setose excavation on inner edge, usually with spines on outer edge; tarsal empodium prominent, with paired divergent thin tufts of apical setae. Abdomen . Ventrites not laterally ridged and without basal transverse grooves. Male genitalia ( Figs 76–88 ; unique male of L. imberbis undissected). Phallobase fusiform or spindle-shaped and uniformly sclerotised, with the apical margins rounded laterally and with V-shaped excavations dorsally (shallower) and ventrally (deeper); apical half of dorsal surface with at least a few small raised spicules, which may form irregular oblique ridges. Parameres about 2/5 length phallobase, symmetrical, with preapical setal tuft on ventral surface and incurved pointed tip; ventral inner edge of parameres soft, irregularly ridged, with the surface either inflated towards the penis or collapsed laterally, depending on preservation of the specimen; penis symmetrical, in two visible parts: basal 2/3 darkly sclerotised, rigid and narrowly conical between parameres, obliquely ridged at base; apical third thinly sclerotised and usually translucent, as a thin straight cylinder; endophallus, if everted, of similar width to apex of penis but soft and flexible, apically contracting to long, thin flagellum. Female genitalia ( Figs 89–94 ; L. imberbis unknown). Tergite IX with acute to broadly rounded translucent apex; pleurite IX and sternite IX well developed as elongate sclerites; hemisternites flat and apical halves elongate rectangular with truncate apices, gonostyli flat, inverted-trapezoidal in shape, inserted on middle of membranous apex of hemisternites; spermathecal duct coiled and convoluted, spermatheca sclerotised, variable in shape from tear-drop to hook; spermathecal gland smaller than spermatheca, glandular duct longer than spermatheca. Larval diagnosis. The following diagnosis is based on published descriptions of L. aurata larvae ( Alderson 1975 [as L. varians ]; Lawrence 1981 ). The larva is similar to the lamprimine Phalacrognathus W.J. Macleay, 1885 ( Wood et al . 1996 ). Head: antenna with 3 antennomeres; second antennomere without setae or sensory spots, apex slightly produced beyond base of third antennomere, the latter elongate but much smaller than second. Left mandible without incisor teeth between 2–3 apical teeth and mola; epipharynx trapezoidal, with dense, long setae on apical margin and dense, short setae on sides, apex of median area with transverse row of 6 short, blunt pegs and row of 4 circular sensilla proximal to this, epitorma absent. Legs without distal claw, last 3 segments short and broad and densely setose; tibiotarsus reduced to an ovate lobe, length equal to width at base; mesocoxal stridulatory file (pars stridens) with a single line of about 50 quadrate to slightly transverse dense ridges, granulose towards base, and placed in a field of minute granules; metatrochanteral stridulatory file (plectrum) a single line of 45–60 closely placed transverse ridges or granules, increasing in size from base to apex. Anal area of abdomen with two adjacent pear-shaped and minutely but densely setose lobes, without ovate pads, their bases subtending about 90° in ventral view, separated from 10th segment by a dorsal lobe, which is triangular, glabrous and unsculptured; 10th abdominal segment not foreshortened dorsally, ventral apex triangularly excavate, raster confined to apical quarter, consisting of dense, minute, inwardly-directed setae.