Bioacoustics of Hoplopyga singularis

Description. Maximum width of head capsule 3.52 mm . Cranium ( Fig. 4 ). Color light yellowish brown. Frons sparsely punctate, with single posterior frontal seta and single anterior angle seta. Dorsoepicranium with 3–4 small setae in a line diverging from center­base of head. Clypeus. Shape subtrapezoidal with posterior clypeal setae and 2 exterior clypeal setae at postclypeus on each side. Preclypeus weakly sclerotized, without setae. Labrum trilobed, clithra present. Epipharynx ( Fig. 10 ). Plegmata absent. Corypha with 4 long, stout, setae. Haptomeral region with cone­like process bearing 5–6 sensillae at apex and 2 sensillae on each side; behind process a curved row of 8–11 heli in a transverse row, 7–10 stout spine­like setae behind row. Acanthoparia with 8 short setae. Chaetoparia with 57–61 setae on each side. Dexiotorma well developed, with poorly developed pternotorma. Laeotorma shorter and with pternotorma present. Nesia with sensorial cone. Haptolachus with 4 sensilla below sensorial cone. Mandibles. Left mandible ( Figs. 11a, 13b ) with 1 scissorial tooth anterior to scissorial notch and 2 scissorial teeth posterior to notch. Stridulatory area elongate­oval, length over 2 times its width. Lateral edge with 11–12 setae. Dorsal surface in apical half with 2 setae. Molar area bilobed, dorsomolar area with 2 setae. Basomedian angle with brustia consisting of 7 setae. Right mandible ( Figs. 11b, 13a ) with 2 scissorial teeth, stridulatory area similar in shape to that of left mandible. Lateral edge with 11–12 setae also. Dorsal surface in apical half with 2 setae. Molar area trilobed, dorsomolar area with 3–4 dorsomolar setae. Calyx present. Maxilla . Galea and lacinia fused ( Fig. 12 ), forming mala. Mala with large uncus at apex and 2 subterminal unci fused at bases and unequal in size; surface with 4 indistinct rows of setae. Cardo with 3–10 setae. Stridulatory area ( Fig. 14 ) with row of 4–5 curved, acute teeth and a distal, truncate process. Labium. Dorsal surface ( Fig. 9 ) with well developed truncate process. Hypopharyngeal sclerome with group of 8 setae on left side; both lateral lobes with 7–13 setae arranged in 2–3 rows. Glossa with transversal row of 11–13 setae at base, 8–9 small setae and 2 larger setae at middle, and 1 or 2 larger setae at each end of row, a group of 18–19 setae arranged in 2 or 3 rows, and a pair of sensilla on each side. Antennae. Surface ( Fig. 8 ) with 3 dorsal and 3 ventral sensory spots on last segment. First segment of antenna as long as following 2 segments together. Thorax. Thoracic spiracles ( Fig. 6 ) with C­shaped respiratory plate, size 0.32–0.36 mm high and 0.22–0.24 mm wide; plate with 16 holes across diameter at middle, holes irregularly suboval. Abdomen. Spiracles of abdominal segments I­VII similar in size, those of abdominal segment VIII slightly smaller. Scutum of abdominal segments I­VIII ( Fig. 3 ) usually with more than 10 rows of short setae, each posterior row with several long setae. Segments IX and X fused, covered with short setae and some sparse, long setae. Spiracular area of abdominal segments I­VIII with 60–90 short and medium sized setae; pleural lobes of same segments with 30–50 setae. Raster with pair of palidia ( Fig. 5 ), each consisting of a row of 18–25 pali, rows joined anteriorly. Septula oval, length 2.5 times its width. Tegilla composed of numerous short, thick setae and some cylindrical, long setae. Lower anal lip with sparse short setae and 1 or 2 transverse rows of cylindrical, long setae. Legs. Tarsungulus ( Fig. 7 ) cylindrical, apex rounded and bearing 12–15 setae.