Bioacoustics of Heilipus draco

Description. Body 5.7–8.4 mm long in males, and 5.5–8.5 mm long in females; integument slightly rugose and shining, from reddish-brown to dark and light brown; sparsely covered with short pale-brown or yellowish scales; with imbricate oval-shaped white or yellowish scales delimiting a stripe along each side of pronotum, sometimes bordered with pale or whitish scales; a lateral C-shaped whitish or yellowish stripe, sometimes bordered with pale or whitish scales, extending along anterior half up to two thirds of elytral length; and an irregular round yellowish patch, sometimes bordered with pale or whitish scales, enclosing the prominent declivital callus ( Figs. 1–6 ). Head. Integument reddish-brown to light brown; sparsely covered with yellowish scales; vertex with shallow small punctures; distance between eyes 0.43–0.56 times the rostral width at base in frontal view. Rostrum. In males, 1.61–2.00 mm long, 1.06–1.21 times as long as the pronotum ( Fig. 7 ), and in females, 1.60–2.28 mm long, 1.05– 1.32 times as long as the pronotum ( Fig. 8 ); subcylindrical, almost straight before antennal insertion; slightly curved at antennal insertion; apex slightly wider. Female rostrum slightly more slender and longer than male, with weak lateral constriction after antennal insertion ( Fig. 8 ). Integument light brown with sparse fine punctures; basal half slightly rugose, covered by short pale scales; smooth and almost glabrous at apical half ( Figs. 7, 8 ). Antenna inserted near the middle of rostrum in females ( Fig. 8 ), and shortly after the middle in males ( Fig. 7 ); scape reddish-brown, half the rostral length in females and almost two thirds the rostral length in males, 2–3 times as long as segment I; segment II 0.6–0.7 times as long as I and 1.3 times as long as III; segments IV to VI subequal and half the length of II; segment VII slightly longer and wider than VI; club elongate oval, almost twice as long as wide, and twice the length of segment I. Prothorax. Pronotum 0.76–0.91 times as long as wide in males and females; sides round near the middle, subparallel posteriorly; slightly wider near middle; anteriorly weakly constricted, with anterior margin round; posterior margin bisinuate with sides angulate; disc slightly arcuate or almost flat at anterior half, posterior third with very weak depression or almost flat; with faint carina along midline ( Figs. 1, 3 ). Integument reddish-brown to dark brown, with shallow and broad punctures; covered with short yellowish scales; smooth and glabrous along midline; with wide lateral stripe of dense imbricate oval-shaped white or yellowish scales sometimes bordered by pale or whitish scales. Ventrally, the anterior margin of pronotum surrounded by a row of yellowish setae. Mesothorax. Scutellum short; subtriangular; covered with whitish scales. Elytra 1.30–1.43 times as long as wide, 1.34–1.53 times wider and 2.30–2.74 times longer than the prothorax in males and females; sides subparallel along anterior three fourths, slightly wider at middle; humeral calli rounded; anteriorly, sometimes with a weak depression just behind the scutellum on each side of the elytral suture; striae with shallow punctures; interstriae weakly arcuate, wider than the striae. Integument reddish-brown to dark brown; covered with short yellowish scales ( Figs. 1, 3 ); laterally with a C-shaped stripe of imbricate oval-shaped white ( Figs. 1, 2 ) or yellowish scales ( Figs. 3, 4 ) extending toward the middle and up to two thirds of elytral length, with irregular inner and outer margins sometimes bordered by pale or whitish scales ( Fig. 5 ); declivital calli prominent, covered with a few short scales, surrounded by an irregular patch of imbricate yellowish oval-shaped scales sometimes bordered by whitish scales ( Fig. 6 ); declivital patches almost meeting at the elytral suture. Lateral and declivital elytral patches rarely connected. Ventrally, subapical elytral surface with a patch of parallel ridges perpendicular to the suture in males ( Figs. 9, 10 ), integument in females rugose without ridges ( Figs. 11, 12 ). Mesanepisternum, mesepimeron and mesoventrite same color as elytra; sparsely covered with short oval-shaped whitish and yellowish scales. Metathorax. Metaventrite convex, with a strong depression or depressed point near posterior margin. Metanepisternum and metaventrite the same color as elytra; sparsely covered with short whitish and yellowish scales. Legs. Femoral integument light brown on basal third and dorsally, dark brown in the enlarged subapical region; sparsely covered with slender pale scales. Tibiae light brown, lighter than femora; sparsely covered with pale scales, slender than femoral scales; tibial apex with two clusters of long setiform scales immediately under the uncus; uncus slightly longer on protibia. Abdomen. Abdominal ventrite I almost flat medially, slightly depressed posteromedially in males, and mostly flat in females; ventrite I slightly wider than II; ventrites III and IV equal in width but half the width of II; ventrite V slightly wider than the IV; posterior margin of ventrite V convex. Integument reddish-brown to dark brown; sparsely covered with yellowish scales. Male terminalia. Tergite VIII subquadrate, 1.5 times wider than long; apex weakly convex with somewhat angulate sides; laterally almost straight or slightly concave; with lateral margins more strongly emarginate near the middle; basally with a subquadrate projection on each side; dorsally covered with short setae, glabrous at basal third ( Figs. 13, 14 ). Sternite VIII with two subtriangular glabrous plates, both wider than long ( Fig. 13 ). Sternite IX emarginate with two inverted lobes at base; slender apical lobes; slender and curved spiculum gastrale ( Fig. 13 ). Penis body about 5 times as long as wide, 1.2 times longer than penis apodeme; wider at basal third; sides narrowing toward the apex; with strong preapical constriction and narrow apex; apical margin slightly rounded ( Figs. 15, 16 ); penis body arcuate in lateral view; acuminate apically ( Fig. 17 ). Tegmen parameroid lobes approximate at base, parallel and slightly divergent towards apex; longer than the tegminal apodeme; almost half penis body length; tegminal apodeme short, curved and slightly enlarged at anterior end ( Fig. 18 ). Female terminalia. Tergite VIII subtrapezoid; 1.7 times wider than long; wider at base; lateral margins weakly emarginate at basal third; convex at apex; dorsally covered with fine setae on apical third; ventrally with setae just on apical margin ( Fig. 22 ); weakly sclerotized at basal three fourths. Sternite VIII sclerotized, Y-shaped, with large apically expanded glabrous arms twice as long as the spiculum ventrale; spiculum ventrale slightly expanded and bisinuous at base ( Fig. 23 ). Gonocoxites elongate, about three times longer than wide; glabrous; sclerotized just on external margin; styli cylindrical and short, slightly longer than wide, with few small setae on apex ( Fig. 22 ). Bursa copulatrix elongate, two times longer than wide; membranous; anteriorly expanded; with common oviduct inserted near the middle; spermathecal duct inserted anteriorly ( Fig. 19 ). Well-sclerotized C-shaped spermatheca; ramus slightly longer than wide, positioned on basal third; spermathecal gland membranous, oval, 1.3 times the length of spermatheca ( Fig. 20 ). Unlaid eggs translucent brown; 1.1 mm long; elongate; with parallel sides ( Fig. 21 ). External sexual dimorphism. Female rostrum slightly longer and more slender than male, with slightly more pronounced lateral constriction ( Figs. 7, 8 ). Median depression on metaventrite and abdominal ventrite I deeper in male. Ventrally, elytral apical surface with a patch of parallel ridges perpendicular to the suture in male ( Fig. 10 ), rugose and without ridges in female ( Fig. 12 ). This last characteristic may be associated with the presence of the stridulatory apparatus in males, similar to that observed in H. odoratus and H. gibbus (see Nunes et al . 2009 ; Vanin & Bená 2015 ).