Bioacoustics of Haplopus

Differentiation ( Table 2 ): Closely related to Pterinoxylini n. trib. and Hesperophasmatini with which it shares the lack of gonoplacs and the short gonapophyses VIII of ♀♀, both characters of which are likely synapomorphies of these three tribes. On this basis and as discussed above Haplopodini possibly forms a monophyletic clade together with these two tribes within present Cladomorphinae sensu lato . The lack of sensory areas on the probasisternum and profurcasternum, increasingly shortened but greater number (55–80) of antennomeres and increasingly thickened, perlamorph antennae suggest Haplopodini is the sister-taxon of Pterinoxylini n. trib. + Hesperophasmatini ( Fig. 409 ). While the lack of sensory areas most certainly is a plesiomorphic character, the morphology of the antennae is likely to be an autapomorphy of Haplopodini. The lack of a gula is here estimated as a synapomorphy of Haplopodini + Hesperophasmatini . A confirmed definition of these character states however deserves a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily Cladomorphinae and supposedly closely related taxa. Furthermore, Haplopodini differs from both tribes by the distinct medioventral carina of the profemora which is slightly displaced towards the anteroventral carina, distinct and often spinose medioventral carina of the meso- and metafemora of both sexes, as well as the ± glabrous body surface, mostly pretty colouration and transparent orange to pink anal region of the alae of ♂♂ (either plain or reticulate). From Pterinoxylini n. trib. it also differs by: the lack of a tympanal region in the basal portion of the alae (= stridulatory organ) of ♀♀; less distinctly triangular cross-section of the profemora; not dilated or lamellate carinae of the protibiae and ovoid to barrel-shaped, much smaller eggs which lack hollow, peripheral extensions on the polar-area and operculum (→ Table 2 ). From Hesperophasmatinim, with which they share the lack of a gula, members of Haplopodini may also be distinguished by the more decidedly triangular cross-section of the profemora, longer often lanceolate or naviculate subgenital plate of ♀♀ and lack of conspicuous hairy structures in the eggs. Also, Haplopodini on average are larger and less stocky than members of Hesperophasmatini .