Bioacoustics of Grallaria cochabambae

Diagnosis. Upperparts dark reddish yellow-brown; underparts paler grading to pale buffy brown on center of belly and undertail coverts; pale feather edgings and pencil streaks on belly; pale eye-ring. Short songs of two unmodulated notes distinguish G. cochabambae ( Fig. 18 ) from all other populations except G. sinaensis and the nominate form of G. occabambae . The flat or slightly downslurred shape of short song notes of G. cochabambae distinguishes them from the rounded notes of those of G. occabambae . The internote interval of short songs of G. cochabambae is significantly longer than that of G. sinaensis and significantly shorter than that of G. occabambae . Long songs of G. cochabambae differ from those of G. sinaensis and G. occabambae in their sharply downslurred note shape and in their significantly faster pace. They differ from long songs of G. occabambae by their falling and rising frequency pattern and by their duration pattern, in which notes lengthen, become even, and shorten while intervals remain more constant. They differ from long songs of G . sinaensis by the lesser extent that frequency rises in the terminal half of the song.