Bioacoustics of Grallaria cajamarcae

Diagnosis. Upperparts and throat reddish yellow-brown; breast paler, posteriorly with pale feather edges grading to a mix of buff and white on the belly and undertail coverts; pale eye-ring. Underparts of cajamarcae are the palest of all populations and separable in blind tests from neighboring populations. Short song is a slow-paced (~2 notes/sec), short (typically 5–6 notes) series of similarly shaped notes delivered at about the same frequency, which is a unique vocalization in the complex ( Fig. 8 ). Notes may be slightly downslurred or flat and often lengthen and then shorten. Long song ( Fig. 8 ) is a trill, similar to others in the complex but distinct in that peaks of the final notes rise in frequency, a character otherwise found only in long songs of G. cochabambae . The long song of G. cochabambae differs from that of G. cajamarcae in that peaks of initial notes decline in frequency, whereas peaks of initial notes of G. cajamarcae are constant in frequency.