Bioacoustics of Galapa spiniphila

Description Male ( holotype ) MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 0.95, carapace width 0.42. Distance PME–PME 40 µm ; diameter PME 40 µm ; distance PME–ALE 15 µm ; distance AME–AME 10 µm ; diameter AME 20 µm . Leg 1: 1.84 (0.52+ 0.12 +0.48 +0.44 +0.28), tibia 2: 0.40, tibia 3: 0.36, tibia 4: 0.58; tibia 1 L/d: 9. COLOR (in ethanol). Prosoma and legs monochromous ochre-yellow; abdomen monochromous pale gray. BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 174 . Ocular area barely raised. Carapace without thoracic groove. Clypeus barely modified (slightly bulging). Sternum slightly wider than long (0.30/0.26), with pair of indistinct anterior humps. Abdomen globular. CHELICERAE. As in Fig. 181 , main segments unmodified except for low lateral elevations with fine stridulatory ridges; fangs with distinctive proximal processes. PALPS. As in Figs 178–179 ; coxa ( not shown) unmodified; trochanter barely modified; femur slender, with proximal prolateral stridulatory pick; tibia large; procursus wide in lateral view, main branch distally curved toward retrolateral, large dorsal branch curved toward prolateral and lodged in pocket of genital bulb ( Fig. 180 ); genital bulb very large, with fine hair-like processes on prolateral side, with three distal pointed apophyses. LEGS. Without spines and curved hairs; few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 52%; prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with 5 pseudosegments. Female In general similar to male ( Fig. 175 ) but without humps on sternum. Tibia 1 in four females: 0.43, 0.44, 0.45, 0.46. Epigynum ( Figs 183, 186 ) light brown semicircular plate, weakly protruding. Internal genitalia ( Figs 182 , 185, 188 ) apparently with thin membranous anterior chamber and thick membranous posterior elements of unknown significance; apparently with pore plates (few pores, very indistinct).

Redescription . Male (near Papayal) MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 0.98, carapace width 0.43. Distance PME-PME 35 µm; diameter PME 35 µm; distance PME-ALE 10 µm; Distance AME-AME 10 µm; diameter AME 15 µm. Leg 1: 1.90 (0.56 + 0.12 + 0.50 + 0.44+ 0.28), tibia 2: 0.40, tibia 3: 0.36, tibia 4: 0.58; tibia 1 L/d: 10; diameters of leg femora 0.090, of leg tibiae: 0.050. COLOUR (in ethanol). Prosoma and legs pale ochre-yellow, carapace without pattern, legs without darker rings; abdomen monochromous ochre-grey. BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 2G, I . Ocular area not raised. Carapace without thoracic groove. Clypeus slightly more protruding than in female, with sclerotized rim. Sternum slightly wider than long (0.30/0.28), with pair of indistinct low anterior processes near coxae 1 (10 µm long, 20 µm diameter at basis). Abdomen globular. Gonopore apparently without epiandrous spigots ( Fig. 20E ). ALS with one strongly widened spigot, one long pointed spigot, and five cylindrical spigots, of which one is much wider than the others ( Fig. 22A, B ); PMS with two conical spigots ( Fig. 22A ); PLS without spigots. CHELICERAE. In general, very similar to congeners ( Fig. 3B ), with curved process proximally on fang; with stridulatory files consisting of ~30 ridges, distances between ridges proximally 2.0 µm, distally 1.1 µm ( Fig. 20C ), proximal ridges with further fine subdivision. PALPS. As in Fig. 17 ; coxa unmodified; trochanter with very short ventral protrusion; femur proximally with prolateral stridulatory pick ( Fig. 20D ), distally slightly widened but without modification; femur-patella joints slightly shifted towards prolateral side; tibia oval, with two trichobothria; tibia-tarsus joints barely shifted towards retrolateral side; palpal tarsal organ weakly raised ( Fig. 23D ), diameter 4.1 µm, diameter of opening 1.0 µm; procursus with pointed retrolateral-distal process directed towards retrolateral (and slightly ventral) and with dorsal process curved towards prolateral and lodged in dorsal pocket of genital bulb; genital bulb with strong distal apophysis, straight retrolateral-dorsal process, and pair of pointed ventral processes; sperm duct opening on prolateral-ventral side directly on bulb ( Fig. 21D ). LEGS. Without spines and curved hairs. With round cuticular plates (cf. Fig. 23F ; diameter 6–7 µm) and rimmed pores (cf. Fig. 23G ; outer diameter 3.5 µm, diameter of opening 0.3 µm) apparently on all leg segments. Sexually dimorphic short vertical hairs present on tibiae 1 and 2 ( Fig. 23A, B ), barely visible in dissecting microscope, length ~17 µm, diameter at basis 1.1 µm. Chemoreceptive hairs similar in size (length ~12 µm, diameter at basis 1.5 µm) but with side branch ( Fig. 22E, F ). Retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 64%; prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1. Tarsus 1 with five pseudosegments, fairly distinct; leg tarsal organs capsulate (cf. Fig. 23E ; diameter 3.7 µm, diameter of opening 0.7 µm). Main tarsal claws with ~10–11 tines ( Fig. 22F ). Female (near Papayal) In general, similar to male ( Fig. 2H ) but sternum without pair of anterior humps, chelicerae apparently without stridulatory files, cheliceral fangs unmodified, clypeus less protruding and without sclerotized rim. Tibia 1 in five females : 0.40 – 0.44 (mean 0.42). Spinnerets as in male ( Fig. 22C, D ). Epigynum ( Figs 20F , 24A ) with simple semicircular anterior plate, weakly protruding, posteriorly indented medially; posterior plate short and simple, with indistinct median division. Internal genitalia ( Fig. 24D, E ) very simple, apparently without pore plates; membranous structure with long median process (twisted in Fig. 24D, E ), covered by posterior epigynal plate. Variation . Males from different localities show variation in at least three palpal structures ( Figs 17–19 ): (1) retrolateral-dorsal bulbal process, (2) distal bulbal apophysis, and (3) retrolateral-distal process of procursus. The retrolateral-dorsal bulbal apophysis (ra in Fig. 17 ) is curved towards the distal bulbal apophysis in the Riohacha and Pueblo Bello morphs, but straight in the Paraguaná and Papayal morphs. In the Riohacha morph, this apophysis is curved towards the proximal section of the distal bulbal apophysis, while in the Pueblo Bello morph it is curved towards the mid-section of this apophysis. The distal bulbal apophysis (da in Fig. 17 ) is long and slender in the Paraguaná and Riohacha morphs, wider and stronger in the Papayal morph, shorter in the Pueblo Bello morph. The retrolateral-distal process of the procursus (rp in Fig. 17 ) is wider (in lateral view) in the Pueblo Bello morph than in the three other morphs. Females of the four morphs are apparently indistinguishable. The posterior margin of the anterior epigynal plate is straight in the Pueblo Bello morph ( Fig. 24C ) but undulating in the other morphs ( Fig. 24A, B ; cf. Huber & Villarreal 2020 : figs 183, 186); however, this seems to vary within populations and is also slightly dependent on the angle of view and on the degree of opening of the epigynal cleft. The median posterior process in the internal genitalia appears variably long (e.g. longer in the Paraguaná morph than in the Pueblo Bello morph) but this observation rests on a very small sample of cleared specimens and may partly be an artifact (e.g., the process appears short in the Papayal morph but apparently only because it is twisted). Tibia 1 lengths among the four morphs are widely overlapping and thus pooled here. Tibia 1 in 17 males : 0.47–0.54 (mean 0.50); in 29 females : 0.40–0.50 (mean 0.44). Natural history . At Riohacha, all specimens were beaten out of dead cactus branches lying on the ground in a degraded roadside environment with bushes and a few small trees. At Papayal, most specimens were also beaten out of dead cacti lying on the ground in a similar roadside environment ( Fig. 5D ). At Pueblo Bello, the spiders were found in a low, dry forest on a roadside hill. They were beaten from old dry branches lying on the ground and hollowed by termites. At all three localities, they shared the used microhabitats with another species of Ninetinae , an undescribed representative of Ibotyporanga ; at Riohacha, also with Modisimus culicinus (Simon, 1893) . Two egg-sacs contained six eggs each, with an egg diameter of 0.38–0.40.