Bioacoustics of Eupolyphaga hanae

Description. Male. General: measurements (mm): body length: 16.7–21.4, overall length: 27.6–36.8, pronotum length×width 5.1–5.8×8.2–9.4, tegmen length: 23.8–33.0. Small to large, brown to blackish brown in dorsal view, light pale yellow to light orange in ventral view, tegmina with dense maculae ( Fig. 5 E–H). Head: round, as long as width; reddish brown, darker at vertex and the space between ocelli. Interocular space very narrow. Ocelli large, protruded, Ocelli ridge wide. Frons brownish yellow, each lateral with a large orange spot which next to the antennal socket. Antennae brown. Clypeus small, flat, ante-clypeus light orange, lateral sides white; post-clypeus reddish brown, sometimes divided by a light colored longitudinal line medially. Labrum small, brown, hind margin thin, emarginated. Maxillary palpi and labial palpi reddish brown, with joint parts and apex whitish yellow ( Fig. 13 H–I). Pronotum: unicolored, reddish brown to brown. Surface generally with many small yellowish-brown pubescence and very a few reddish-brown setae, margins with additional long reddish-brown setae. Apex convex and truncated; lateral fore borders oblique roundly; lateral parts round, becoming straight towards hind part, and forming obtuse angle with the hind margin; hind margin slightly outward ( Fig. 13 G ). Tegmina and wings: exceeded the end of abdomen about 9.0– 14.4 mm . Tegmina dark brown, irregularly with many small hyaline maculae, denser in margins and distal half of tegmen, and more likely with several large hyaline spots around R. Wings hyaline, slightly orange, darker toward apex, venation distinct, distal portion of M, CuA densely with black maculae. Legs: with brownish pubescence, whitish yellow, tibiae darker; tibial spines usually dark reddish brown with basal portion light reddish brown. Abdomen: whitish yellow. Supra-anal plate apex slightly emarginated, anterior margin and paraprocts well pubescent; two median sclerites distinct, unequalsized; cerci yellow, slender ( Fig. 19 A ). Subgenital plate generally symmetrical, unicolored for the exposed part, lateral corners round, anterior margin fully with setae; styli yellow, very small ( Fig. 19 B ). Genitalia: well sclerited. Left phallomere: L1 very short, anterior part reduced, left with a very small process, two hind lobes robust; L2 curved roundly, right end with two short processes; L3 strongly curved, apex mildly sharped; pda well developed, paa strongly protruded. Right phallomere: small. R1M short; R1L thoroughly sclerited, thick; R2 small, divides into two round chunks, the chunks generally equal sized ( Fig. 19 C–D). Female. Measurements (mm): body length: 24.3–27.9, body width: 18.4–20.5. Unicolored, pubescent, dark brown both in dorsal and ventral view, spines on the legs dark brown. Supra-anal plate transverse type , hind margin nearly straight, median distinctly emarginated, and divided by a longitudinal line. Subgenital plate with median protruded, bulged ( Fig. 5 I–J). Nymph. Coloration varies from yellowish brown to dark brown, some individuals with abdomen orange, but the rest parts brown. Ootheca. As Fig. 38 C–D and M, reddish brown, serration of keel large, curved. Respiratory canals well developed. The longitudinal ridges distinct. Variation. Male of the species varied in the following characters: 1) body size, according to the material we examined, we found the Suining and Dujiangyan populations with shorter tegmina and body size ( Fig. 5 E–F, H), while the Simianshan population more possible to with larger body and longer tegmina ( Fig. 5 G ); 2) the hyaline macula on tegmina ranging from small spots to extremely large spots ( Fig. 5 E, H ); 3) usually the black maculae on wings distribute on the margin of M and CuA, but some extreme individuals with the maculae expand to the median of CuA area; 4) usually individuals may have dark brown pronotum and tegmina, while some individuals may have light colored pronotum and tegmina (generally light yellowish rather than brown). Natural History. This species can be found inside the dry loose earth around old houses ( Figs. 40 G–J; 41 D–E), or in the broad-leaved forest ( Fig. 40 A ); in the forest, they would like to live together in the tree holes, the humus in the holes is a little wet, but is loose enough for them to creep ( Fig. 40 B–D). In Mt. Simianshan, E. hanae were found in a cliff hole, which is difficult to be wetted by the rain, the earth in the hole is wet but loose for E. hanae ( Fig. 41 A–C); plenty individuals of E. hanae were also found under the woodpiles next to a farm house at Mt. Simianshan, the earth under the woodpiles is slightly wet and loose, which is mixed with bits of wood ( Fig. 41 E ); the house-owner said these roaches were not originally live under her woodpiles, they were brought by the owner from the cliff at the hillside. Mt. Simianshan is wet, but the environment under the cliff is dry, the roaches were found inside the sand; the local people call Eupolyphaga roaches as “turtle bugs”, they catch them and put them in the spirit for medicine use, the house-owner also put E. hanae under her woodpiles to breed them for medicine use.