Bioacoustics of Eupholidoptera smyrnensis

Remarks. E. helina was described by Çıplak (in Çıplak et al. 2009: 25 ) and separated from the closest species E. smyrnensis and E. cypria by the details of male titillator which is mainly match with widely distributed E. smyrnensis . It seems that the morphological characteristics including stridulatory file are not so distinct and not helpful for these species. Ünal collected a male from Alara Han and Gorochov collected 1 male 4 females from Okurcalar where are very close to the type locality of E. helina . These specimens (males) identical with a male collected from Rhodos where is the type locality of Eupholidoptera smyrnensis festae (Giglio-Tos, 1914) . It is clear that they are conspecific. E. festae was described by Giglio-Tos (1914: 5, 6) as two different species (in two genera) with the same name, “ festae ”. It was firstly treated as a subspecies of E. chabrieri by Ramme (1930: 809) , later as a subspecies of E. smyrnensis ( Ramme 1951: 205 ) . Harz (1969: 373) and Willemse (1980: 59) gave it a synonym of E. smyrnensis . All the subsequent authors, followed Harz and Willemse. The specimens, including ones from Alanya studied here and the titillators of E. smyrnensis (and festae ) given in literature ( Ramme 1951: 208 , Harz 1969: 375, Willemse 1980: 62, Salman 1983: 329 , Çıplak et al. 2009: 35 ) show its variation limits. So the titillator of E. helina is not out of these limits. In addition, the new distributional records given in the present paper from Muğla and different parts of Antalya Province , show the dispersal connection. E. smyrnensis is widely distributed in eastern Greece and known from European Turkey along the Aegean Region to Antalya . It is recorded from İzmir , Muğla Provinces to Alara river of Alanya District ( Antalya Province ) in the present paper.

Description (male, holotype ) : In general appearance very similar to E. chabrieri and other closely related species in this group. Fastigium of vertex wide, roughly three times as wide as scapus; pronotum long and cylindrical as in the genus; tegmina largely concealed by pronotum or slightly extending beyond its hind margin. Last abdominal tergite ( Figure 63 ) with two long and apically outcurved spine-like processes, with a wide and deep incision medially at hind margin and with a depressed membranous part above incision; cercus ( Figure 19 ) thick in the basal half and narrowing in the distal half, with a proximally thick and distally pointed tooth located just at base. Subgenital plate ( Figure 109 ) with a deep incision reaching to half of its length in middle; there is a protuberance on each margin of the incision caudally, apical lobes wide on inner sides of styli; two spines located side by side at base of each stylus ventrally; titillators ( Figure 155 ) large, basal arms curved into apical arms with an angle of less than 90 0 , apical arms fused at proximal part and gradually but distinctly getting wider towards unfused parts forming distinct wing-like lateral expansions; unfused parts long and divergent distalwards, in lateral view roundly curved frontwards. Colouration : Brown with black or blackish pattern, there are two curved black stripes on face. Paranota with limited large black spot except light creamish margins, caudal margins of pronotum bear a narrow black stripe; tegmina black except dirty-white costal and subcostal areas. Hind femur with a black stripe on inner and outer sides. Last abdominal tergite shining black with a brown membranous part medially, cercus dark brown. Ovipositor brown. Female ( paratype ) : Subgenital plate ( Figure 199 ) unmodified, relatively short, slightly narrowing toward apex, with a triangular incision at hind margin, apical lobes pointed and slightly outcurved; ovipositor long, weakly upcurved in whole length. Bioacoustics : Song produced by the holotype was recorded in a room (temperature 25 o C); (D. Sirin - 2005S199). The song was similar to that of other Eupholidoptera species. It consisted of isolated syllables produced in long series with the opening hemisyllable much shorter and softer than the closing hemisyllable. Syllable duration varied between 41 and 66 ms (m= 52 ms; n=28) and syllable period between 314–649 ms ((m= 368 ms; n=26) at 25ºC (details see Figures 231 , 234 and Table 1 ). Measurements : body- male 22–25, female 22–26; pronotum- male 9–11, female 9.2–10.1; tegmina- male 0.2–1; hind femur- male 22–25, female 24–27; ovipositor- 18–22. Habitat : Specimens were found in shrub vegetation in Mediterranean Anatolia . It was observed in lush bushes (e.g. Rubus ) near water sources and high fern or thorny bush vegetation ( Lavandula , Thymus , Cistus , Genista ) along the maquis formation.

Distribution : It is known from the western part of the Antalya province of Turkey in the central part of Mediterranean Anatolia . Probably the Eupholidoptera specimens from Anamur, recorded by Nadig (1991) as E. cypria turcica , belong to the new species. Differential diagnose: Eupholidoptera helina sp.n. is similar to E. cypria and to some extent E. smyrnensis in structure of the male anal tergit, cercus, female subgenital plate, ovipositor and colouration. It is especially similar to E. cypria in the structure of the titillators. The new species differs from E. cypria and E. smyrnensis by the titillators having the apical arms narrow at base and gradually widening towards the apex and its long-divergent unfused parts (unfused parts are relatively short in E. cypria ), short and wide female subgenital plate and its out-curved apical lobes (not out-curved in E. cypria and E. smyrnensis ). In the new species, contrary to E. cypria the processes of the male anal tergite are longer and distinctly divergent. The species may possibly be distinguished from its close relatives, E. cypria and E. smyrnensis , by song parameters, especially the syllable repetition rate (see Figure 240 ).