Bioacoustics of Euchorthippus pulvinatus

References to song. Ragge & Reynolds (1998): recordings from Western Europe; Bukhvalova & Vedenina (1998): recordings from the Ukraine, southern part of European Russia, the North Caucasus (North Ossetia), the South Urals, and South Kazakhstan; Savitsky & Lekarev (2007): recordings from the Lower Volga Region and Western Kazakhstan (Janybek, ca. 5 km from the Russia border); Savitsky (2009): recordings from Western Kazakhstan (Janybek, ca. 5 km from the Russia border). Song. The calling song is an echeme-sequence lasting up to one minute and more. Echeme repetition period averages 1–2 s (Fig. 91). Each echeme begins quietly reaching maximum intensity close to its end and includes 6– 8 syllables following each other with a period of 35–60 ms in our recordings (Figs. 92–95). There are 1–4 gaps in the high-amplitude part of each syllable (Figs. 94–95). Comparative notes. The calling songs of males studied are similar to the songs of the nominotypical subspecies from Europe, the South Urals, and South Kazakhstan but differs from the songs of West European subspecies, Eu. pulvinatus gallicus Mařan, 1957 and Eu. pulvinatus elgantulus Zeuner, 1940 by longer echemes.