Bioacoustics of Eocyzicus

Daday (1915) defined and separated Caenestheria from Eocyzicus based on the form of the male rostrum, which is rounded or triangular in the former, and quadrate in the latter. However, developmental series from cultures of E. taiwanensis n. sp. demonstrate that the rostral form is a function of age ( Figure 2 A–E), with the male rostrum starting out rounded and gradually becoming quadrate as the animal matures. This supports the assertion of Brtek et al. (1984) that Caenestheria is a synonym of Eocyzicus . Schwentner et al. (2013) using DNA barcoding identified eleven separate lineages as ten potential species (two described, eight undescribed) from across Australia . However, due to the great uncertainties involved with using DNA barcodes exclusively (e.g., Meyer & Paulay 2005 , Meier et al. 2006 , Song et al. 2008 , Buhay 2009 ) and problems attempting to separate closely allied species (e.g., Meier et al. 2006 , Song et al. 2008 , Buhay 2009 , Carew & Hoffman 2015 ), further genetical and morphological analyses are needed to verify these potential species. It would seem that the fully adult rostrum shape, carapace hinge shape, arrangement and number of telsonic spines, and the form of the cercopods, provide some of the best characters, although others may also. Characters of the clasper seem useful. However, clasper characters must be robust and not simple differentiations between numbers of setae, or palp articles, which could readily be affected by regeneration or age ( Rogers et al. 2012 ). All morphological character states used to define adult spinicaudatan species need to be tested. Daday (1915) presented 24 species (divided into two genera) in his monograph, Durga Prasad et al. (1981) recognized 19 (only those taxa Daday referred to Eocyzicus ), and Brtek (2002) listed 44 species. We tentatively recognize 19 Eocyzicus species, three nomina dubia and inquirendae, and 71 synonyms. We present eleven species from the Palaearctic, two from the Oriental Region, three from the Ethiopian Region, ~2 from Australia, and one from the Nearctic. Attributed species. Eocyzicus argillaquus Timms & Richter, 2009