Bioacoustics of Dorippidae

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT Heikeopsis japonica , native to Japan and abundant in the Inland Sea and also in Ariake Bay ( Yokoya 1933 , as D. japonica ; Sakai 1937: 72 , pl. 10, fig. 1, as D. japonica , material from 130 m ; Sakai 1976 , as D. japonica ; Horikoshi et al. 1982 , as D. japonica ), is thought to inhabit the western Pacific: Korea (it is common on the Yellow Sea side) ( Kim 1973 ; Koh & Lee 2013 ; Lee et al. 2021 ), north to south China ( Shen 1937a , 1937b , as D. japonica ; Dai & Song 1986 , as D. japonica ; Dai et al. 1986 , as D. japonica ; Dai & Yang 1991 , as D. japonica ; Chen & Sun 2002: 222 ; Wong et al. 2021: 11 , fig. 12, pl. 2F), Taiwan ( Ng et al. 2001 , as Heikea japonicum ; Ng et al. 2017 , as Heikeopsis japonicum ), and Nhatrang, Vietnam ( Serène & Romimohtarto 1969 , as Dorippe japonica ). Other records of Heikeopsis japonica are: Doflein 1904: 292 , as D. japonica ; Chou et al. 1999 , as D. japonica ). But it is likely that two species are confused under the specific name of japonica : the typical Heikeopsis japonica , with rather long and slender P2 and P3, and another form with shorter and stouter P2 and P3, see below, Status of non-Japanese Heikeopsis japonica, H. taiwanensis ( Serène & Romimohtarto, 1969 ) , and H. arachnoides ( Manning & Holthuis, 1986 ) : a major problem . The status of two other Heikeopsis with long and slim legs is also a problem: 1) Neodorippe ( Neodorippe ) japonica var. taiwanensis established by Serène & Romimohtarto (1969) and whose holotype is preserved in ZRC ( Yang 1979: 3 , as Neodorippe ( Neodorippe ) japonica var. taiwanensis ), but judjed as falling within the range of variation of H. japonica by Holthuis & Manning (1990: 87); 2) Heikeopsis arachnoides , assumed to inhabit only the Inland Sea of Japan according to Holthuis & Manning (1990: 74, as Heikea arachnoides ; see Miers 1886 : L, 327, 328, as Dorippe japonica ), but reported from China by Chen & Sun (2002: 220 , fig. 94) and from Hong Kong by Wong et al. (2021: 11 , fig. 12, pl. 2E), and also recorded from northeastern Taiwan ( Ng & Huang 1997 , as Heikea arachnoides ; Ng et al. 2001 , as H. arachnoides ; Ng et al. 2017 ). According to Ng & Huang (1997: 267) , “Whether any of the old records also represent H. arachnoides cannot be ascertained”. Holthuis & Manning (1990: 72 and 75, respectively, as Heikea arachnoides and H. japonica ) recognised two species: Heikeopsis arachnoides and H. japonica . See below, Status of non-Japanese Heikeopsis japonica, H. taiwanensis ( Serène & Romimohtarto, 1969 ) , and H. arachnoides ( Manning & Holthuis, 1986 ) : a major problem . Neodorippe callida shows a wide distribution, ranging from Red Sea ( Herklots 1861 , as Dorippe astuta ) to Southeast Asia and China and having been also reported from Pakistan , India and Bangladesh ( Alcock 1896 , as Dorippe astuta ; Venkataraman et al. 2004 , as Dorippe astuta ; Dev Roy 2008 ; Roy & Nandi 2008 ; Trivedi et al. 2018 : table 1; Akash et al. 2020 ), the Philippines , Vietnam ( Dai & Song 1986 , as Dorippe astuta ), Singapore ( Ng & Tan 1986 ; Tan & Ng 1988 , as Neodorippe ( Neodorippe ) astuta ); Vietnam ( Do Van Nhuong et al. 2021 , as Neodorippe callida ); Malaysia ( Zakirah et al. 2022 ), western Indonesia , Thailand ( Ng & Davie 2002 ) and South China ( Chen 1986b ; Chen & Sun 2002 ; Wong et al. 2021 ). For more references, see Holthuis & Manning (1990: 95-103). The species has been recorded in tide pools and shallow waters at depths from 3.6 to 46 m and is found on mud or sandy mud bottoms, being very common in mangrove swamps ( Serène & Romimohtarto 1969 , as Neodorippe ( Neodorippe ) callida ; Ng 1987 , as Neodorippe ( Neodorippe ) callida ). Neodorippe simplex is known from the shallow waters of the continental shelf of Irian Jaya and northern Australia ( Ng & Rahayu 2002 ). The identity of the N. callida from the western continental margin of Australia ( McEnnulty et al. 2011 ) would be interesting to check. Nobilum histrio is only known from Malaysian and Singapore waters ( Nobili 1903 , as Dorippe histrio ; Serène & Romimohtarto 1969 , as Neodorippe ( Nobilum ) histrio ; Holthuis & Manning 1990: 106), Vietnam ( Dawydoff 1952 , as ‘ Doryppe histrix ’), and China ( Chen 1986b ; Chen & Sun 2002 ). Its habitat and biology are not documented.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT (see Preliminary note , p. 279) Paradorippe australiensis , known from Australia ( Western Australia , Queensland ), is a shallow water species, caught under stones on reef flat at 22 m , on mud at 18 m , on sand and occasional sponges and corals at 15 m (Holthuis & Manning 1990; McEnnulty et al. 2011 ). Paradorippe cathayana is known mainly from many localities in China ( Shen 1932 , 1937a , 1940b , as Dorippe polita ; Yang 1986 , as D. polita ; Chen 1986b , as P. polita ; Chen & Sun 2002 ); found in tidepools on sandy beaches ( Shen 1932 , as D. polita ) and shallow pools of clear water, along sand beach ( Shen 1937a , as D. polita ), Gulf of Tonkin ( Dai & Song 1986 , as D. polita ) and from Vietnam ( Serène 1937 , as D. polita ); also from India , Gulf of Mannar ( Rajan et al. 2017: 3 , 11; Zoological Survey of India 2018 fig. p. 73). Paradorippe granulata lives much further north than any of the Indo-West Pacific dorippids, occurring as far east in Russia as Vladivostock and Peter the Great Gulf, as well as in the Sakhalin Island ( Balss 1922 ; Urita 1942 ; Kobjakova 1955 , 1966 ; Vinogradov 1950 ; Levin 1976 , all as Dorippe granulata ). It is abundant in many localities of Japan (De Haan 1841; Herklots 1861 ; Bouvier 1899 ; Parisi 1914 ; Sakai c. 1930, 1936, 1940, 1956; Nishimura & Suzuki 1971 ; Yang 1986 , all as Dorippe granulata ; Sakai 1976 , 1985 ; Takeda 1975 , 1982 a , b, 1983; Yamaguchi et al. 1976 ; Muraoka 1982 ; Miyake 1983 ; Sakai et al. 1983 ; K. Sakai & Nakano 1983 ; Minemizu 2000 ); of Korea ( Kim 1970 , as D. granulata ; Kim 1973 ; Koh & Lee 2013 ; Lee et al. 2021 ); and of China , Hong Kong ( Shen 1932 , 1940a , b, as D. granulata ; Takeda & Miyake 1970; Huang 1994 ; Chen 1986b ; Dai et al. 1986 ; Chen & Sun 2002 ; Wang 2005 , 2009 ; Wong et al. 2021 ) and Taiwan ( Ng et al. 2017 ). For complete and recent distribution of P. granulata , see Holthuis & Manning 1990; Wang et al. 2013 , 2017 ; Ng et al. 2001 , 2017 . Paradorippe polita is known from a few localities: southeast India ( Alcock & Anderson 1894 ; Alcock 1896 ; Sankarankutty 1966 ; all as Dorippe polita ; Dev Roy 2008 ; Venkataraman et al. 2004 , as D. polita ; Krishnamoorthy 2007: 90 , as Paradorippe granulata ; Trivedi et al. 2018 : table 1) and Malaysia (Holthuis & Manning 1990). The figure by Jeyabaskaran et al. (2000 : pl. 32a) of a P. granulata from the Gulf of Mannar is too small to be sure that it is P. polita instead of P. granulata . The Paradorippe polita from the Gulf of Tonkin ( Zarenkov 1972: 250 ) should be confirmed.