Bioacoustics of Chloracantha lampra

Male. Head. Frons mostly smooth, surface shining, but with indistinct minute sulci, profile slightly concave when viewed laterally, genae not swollen. Fastigium of vertex prominent, not exceeding margin of antennal scrobes but extending to middle of antennal scape and bearing lateral carinae ( Fig. 9A ) with a tubercle on each side at base. Frontal fastigium poorly indicated, triangular in outline and enclosing median ocellus. Antennal scape not swollen on internal margin and bearing a minute tooth on dorsal surface. Thorax. Pronotum with anterior margin slightly projecting in the middle and not armed with tubercles along the edge; posterior margin evenly obtuse and not armed; surface of disk with 2 blunt teeth laterally on pronotum, meso- and metanota with 2 blunt teeth on each; surface of disk with minute tubercles; surface of disk cut by 2 nearly straight transverse sulci and a poorly indicated median sulcus; lateral lobe with surface cut by the two sulci which are parallel, surface with a few scattered tubercles, mostly concentrated in ventral cephalic region, anterior margin concave and with a few scattered tubercles, posterior margin feebly concave and with 2–3 minute tubercles. Thoracic auditory spiracle minutely circular. Sternum with prosternal processes short, stout, apically divergent; mesosternal processes plate or cup-like, margins not armed, posterior margin deeply incised; metasternal process broadly cup-shaped, lateral margins feebly undulating, posterior margin deeply incised medially. Legs. Fore coxa bearing an elongate spine. Fore femur quadrate in cross section, unarmed, genicular lobe unarmed. Fore tibia armed ventrally with 17 spines on anterior margin, one apical in position, posterior margin with 11 spines, one apical in position. Middle femur subcylindrical; genicular lobes unarmed. Middle tibia armed ventrally on anterior margin with 14 spines, one apical in position, posterior margin with 14 spines, one apical in position. Hind femur elongate, not greatly expanded basally, ventral surface unarmed; genicular lobes unarmed. Hind tibia quadrate in cross section, dorsal surface armed on both margins with several short spines, none apical in position, ventral surface with many more elongate spines on both sides, a single spine on each side apical in position. Wings. Tegmen ( Figs. 20 G, H) extending to apical half of hind femur at rest; apex subacute, anterior margin straight; hind margin evenly convex; right stridulatory area ( Fig. 9C ) with elongate mirror; left tegmen with stridulatory area moderately well defined, mirror elongate with weak pattern of veins laterally. Hind wing with Cu, Rs, and M nearly parallel, the M diverging and with 2 principal branches. Anterior portion of tegmen darkened and distinct from the remainder. Costal field with large number of very irregularly shaped cells. Wing with anterior portion darkened, venation well developed. Abdomen. Tenth tergite ( Fig. 9F ) produced, with a broad shallow median incision. Cercus short, stout, tooth apical in position; supra-anal plate about 1.5– 2 x as long as broad, apex obtuse, surface sparsely setose. Titillator ( Fig. 9G ) broadly triangular, base broad, apex acute. Tenth tergite apex shallowly incised. Female. Differs from male in size but disparity not as great as in other species. ( Table 4 ). Tenth tergite very broad; supra-anal plate elongate, about 2.5 x as long as broad, apex acute. Tegmen with Rs with 4 veins extending diagonally from middle of tegmen with a series of large regular cells at base, becoming smaller and more irregular near posterior margin of tegmen. Colour. Colour generally uniformly green ( Fig. 9I ), anterior portion of hind wing distinctly darker green than the rest. Specimens examined. Paratypes : Queensland: Mt Glorious, 635 m , 11.i.1973 , 27.i.1979 , vii.1985 A. Hiller, 1 male , 2 females (ANIC, QMUS).

Male. Head. Frons generally smooth but surface feebly undulating, surface mostly straight when viewed laterally, genae not appreciably swollen. Fastigium of vertex relatively prominent ( Fig. 8A ), but ending before the margin of antennal scrobes; surface with a deep sulcus with sides carinulate. Frontal fastigium replaced by median ocellus. Antennal scape not greatly swollen on internal margin, but carinate, anterior margin of dorsal surface lacking a minute tooth. 2. Named with reference to the type locality where the majority of specimens have been collected. Thorax. Pronotum with anterior margin truncate and with tubercles well beyond margin ( Fig. 8C ); lateral margin with 3 blunt teeth; mesonotum with 2 larger teeth, metanotum with 2 more prominent teeth followed by 3– 4 smaller, tubercle-like teeth ( Fig. 8C ); surface of disk cut by 2 sulci, the first sulcus straight, that of mesonotum undulating, disk with multiple small tubercles but those on the anterior portion of disk more concentrated, caudal margin of disk smooth, convex; lateral lobe with dorsal sulci continued, parallel and often connected ventrally but not to ventral margin; pro-, meso- and metanotal surface of lateral lobe each with a few scattered minute tubercles; ventral margin of lateral lobe poorly defined, not raised, undulating and with a few tubercles on margin. Thoracic auditory spiracle minutely circular. Sternum with prosternal processes close-set, acute, broad basally, apex blunt; mesosternal process strongly cup-shaped, not incised anteriorly, margins irregularly minutely tuberculate; metasternum process broadly cup-shaped, low, posterior margin deeply incised, not incised anteriorly, margins smooth, not tuberculate. Legs. Fore coxa bearing an elongate spine. Fore femur distinctly bowed. Fore tibia armed ventrally with many short spines along both margins, apex armed with a minute spine on each side, scarcely larger than adjacent spines. Middle tibia slightly expanded in basal quarter, unspined dorsally but bearing a number of minute setae near apex on posterior surface; ventral surface spinal pattern similar to that of fore tibia, apex with a minute spine on each side. Hind tibia armed on dorsal surface with approximately 20 spines on each side, apex without apical spines; ventral surface with a similar number of much longer spines, mostly concentrated in apical quarter, apex with a single spine on each side. Wings. Tegmen ( Figs. 20 E, F) extending to apical third of hind femur at rest; apex acute, anterior margin straight to feebly obtuse, posterior margin evenly feebly obtuse. Costal field bearing large, irregular, connected pentagonal cells. Wing with radius divided nearly at its base, then subsequently divided; stridulatory region poorly defined ( Fig. 8B ). Abdomen. Tenth tergite produced ( Figs. 8D ), shallowly incised in the middle; phallus triangular ( Fig. 8G ); subgenital plate ( Fig. 8E, F ) very elongate, shallowly incised apically, the lateral projections rather robust. Locality Length Length Width Length Length Length Length Length Body Pronotum Pronotum Fore femur Middle femur Hind femur Tegmen Ovipositor Holotype 17.2 4.1 3.5 8.0 7.3 16.0 30.8 Males Garradunga 25.5 5.2 3.8 9.0 8.1 17.3 33.4 “ 25.0 4.8 3.8 9.2 8.6 18.1 34.2 “ 22.8 4.6 3.4 8.0 7.2 16.0 28.9 Kuranda 22.8 4.3 3.5 8.0 7.6 16.0 30.6 “ 24.0 4.8 3.7 8.4 7.2 16.1 31.7 “ 23.0 4.5 3.5 8.0 7.1 15.8 32.0 “ 24.5 4.3 3.6 8.0 7.0 15.7 32.3 Females Garradunga 33.7 8.4 6.7 10.7 11.1 23.8 54.6 15.2 “ 42.0 8.5 6.5 11.0 10.2 22.3 53.0 15.5 Kuranda 31.5 7.2 5.5 7.0 9.0 20.6 50.0 15.7 Female. Differs from male in its extraordinarily larger size ( Table 3 , Fig. 7 ) and following characters: tegmen ( Fig. 20 F) with 4–5 veins extending posteriorly from main veins, a series of large, closed cells emanating from each of these veins and all interconnected; supra-anal plate very elongate, about 2.5 to 3 times as long as broad, apex obtuse; cercus elongate, slender, directed caudad; subgenital plate a little longer than broad, with a prominent obtuse projection laterally in the middle, apex rather blunt and shallowly incised. Ovipositor minutely tuberculate near apex. Egg. Flat, disk-like eggs are apparently laid in dead wood or cracks in bark ( Fig. 8H ). Colour. Colour in life green, frons greenish yellow. Tegmen without spots, veins slightly darker than cells. Abdomen greenish yellow, each tergite ringed with purple. Specimens examined. Paratypes : Queensland: 17o00’S 145o50’E Pine Ck (nr CSIRO tower) 111km SE by S. of Cairns, 8.iii.1988 D. C. F. Rentz, Stop A-18, 2 females in Malaise trap, ANIC). 17o28’S 146o0’E Garradunga , Polly Ck., nr Innisfail, 7.xii.1992 , 27.xi.1993 , 18.i.1994 , 16.x.1994 , 26.x.1994 , 14.i.1995 , 18.i.1995 , 25.i.1995 , 27.i.1995 , 7.ii.1995 , 28.ii.1995 , 28.x.1995 , 11.xii.1997 , 2.i.1998 , 7.i.1998 , 7.ii.1998 , 12.ii.1998 , 15.iii.1998 , 23.xi.2000 , 19.ii.2006 , 6.i.2006 , 26.ii.2006 , 19.xi.2006 , 20.xi.2006 , 2.xii.2006 , 8.i.2007 , 16.i.2007 , 19.i.2007 , 21.i.2007 , 12.i.2008 , 24.i.2007 , (J. Hasenpusch, 15 males , 22 females , ANIC). 16 o 48’S 145 o 38’E (GPS) Kuranda, 335m (Top of the Range) 19 Butler Dr, 1–15.iii.2003 , 15–31.iii.2003 , 15–30.iv.2003 , 15–30.xii.2003 , 1– 15.xii.2004 , 1–15.ii.2007 , 16–28.ii.2007 , 16–31.i.2008 , 1–15.xii.2007 , 16–31.i.2010 , 1–15.i.2012 , 16.iv.2012 (D. C. F. Rentz. 11 males , 1 female , ANIC). Kuranda, 23.i.1982 (W. N. B. Quick, 1 male , ANIC). 16o47’S 145o35’E 25 Cadagi Dr, Russet Park, 313m , iv.2011 (P. Shanahan, 1 female , ANIC). Green Forest Rd, Kuranda N.Q., 19.ii.2006 (R. Rogers, 1 female , ANIC).

Male. Head. Frons not appreciably concave when viewed laterally, surface smooth, genae not swollen. Fastigium of vertex ( Fig. 4B, D ) with a distinctive sulcus, narrowed at each end and with a tubercle on each side at base. Antennal scape well produced on internal margin, anterior margin of dorsal surface bearing a minute tooth. Thorax. Pronotum with anterior margin with 3 minute tubercles on each side and a single tubercle on each side caudal to those on the cephalic margin ( Fig. 3C , 4C ); lateral margin with a pair of teeth on each segment, the second tooth on the metanotum about half the size of the other; surface of disk cut by 2 undulating sulci continuous onto lateral lobe; lateral lobe with a single minute tubercle ( Fig. 4C ) in the middle of the pro- and metanotum; ventral margin of lateral lobe with a continuous row of small tubercles, those in the region of the black stripe larger than the others. Thoracic auditory spiracle minutely circular. Sternum with prosternal processes not appreciably thickened, close-set and not abruptly narrowing apically. Mesosternum with anterior margin of plates not deeply divided, with teeth on each side and of uniform size. Metasternum with few or no tubercles. Legs. Fore coxa with a very elongate spine. Fore tibia with 4 spines on each side of ventral surface and an apical spine on each side. Middle tibia swollen in proximal one-third and armed with 4 spines in apical one-third on anterior margin and an apical spine, posterior margin with 3 spines and an apical spine. Hind tibia with a number of tooth-like spines on each margin of dorsal surface and no apical spine; ventral surface with 5–6 spines on each angle and a single apical spine on each side. Wings. Tegmen ( Fig. 4E , 20 A–B) extending well beyond middle of hind femur at rest ( Fig. 4B ); apex blunt ( Fig. 4A,B , 20 A–B), anterior margin straight, posterior margin slightly concave proximally. Coastal field with an irregular row of large cells, with narrow, irregular cells along anterior margin; anterior margin with a thin yellow stripe; veins of tegmen light green. Wing with radius divided in apical third; cross-veins slightly emphasised by colour; stridulatory file ( Fig. 4F ). Abdomen. Tenth tergite with cerci turned inwards, concealed on all dry-mounted specimens; caudal margin of tenth tergite not deeply incised; cercus robust ( Fig. 3D ), slightly incurved, apical tooth short, robust about equal in length to internal tooth; subgenital plate shallowly incised ( Fig. 4G ), lateral projections rather elongate; titillator ( Fig. 4J ) weakly sclerotized and enclosed in a sheath. Female. Differs in considerably larger size ( Table 1 ) and in following characters: metanotum with a small tubercle on each side in anterior region; caudal margin of disk minutely tuberculate and feebly incised in the middle; subgenital plate ( Figs. 4K, L ) about as long as broad with a projection at base; apex tapering, acute with a shallow median incision. Ovipositor ( Figs. 4H, I ) minutely serrated on ventral margin near the apex. Colour. Overall colour green with a number of orange spots on each tegmen ( Figs. 4A, B ); anterior margin of tegmen yellow, this extending to apical quarter. Abdomen creamish white, ringed with green, this rather obscure. MAP 1. Known distributions for Ο Chloracantha lampra Hebard and • C. angularis Rentz, Su, Ueshima sp. nov. Specimens examined. Paratypes : Queensland: 16.48’S 145.38’E (GPS) QLD. Kuranda, 335 m (Top of the Range) 19 Butler Dr 1–15.i.2011 , 16–31.iii. 2011 , 16–31.i.2012 , 16–31.i.2010 , 1–15.ii.2014 , 16–31.xii.2011 (D. C. F. Rentz, 4 males , 2 females , ANIC). 17o19’36”S 145o47’52”E Wooroonooran Nat. Pk (Palmerston Hwy) (Mamu Canopy Walk), 357 m , 10.xii.2011 (D. C. F. Rentz Stop 40, 1 male , ANIC). Fishery Falls, Nat. Pk., 16.i.1995 (L. Ring, 2 males , ANIC). 17o25’53.26”S 145o51’33.64”E Josephine Falls, Nat. Pk, ca . 190 m , Wooroonooran Nat. Pk 10.xii.1994 , 12.xii.1994 (L. Ring, 1 male , 1 female , ANIC); same locality, 8.ii.1995 (L. Ring, 1 male , Cytol. prep. 95-13; Song recorded S-909, ANIC). 17o28’S 146o0’E Garradunga , Polly Ck., nr Innisfail, 20.xii.1990 , 10.ii.1990 , 2.ii.1995 , 17.i.1996 , 15.i.1997 , 11.i.1998 , 20.ii.1998 , 26.xii.2006 , 20.i.2007 , 10.ii.2007 (J. Hasenpusch, 5 males 7 females , ANIC, QMUS). Mt Bellenden Ker, xii.1981 (K. Preston-Maffam, 1 male , ANIC). 17o18’S 145o57’E Babinda, Krukow Rd, 12.ii.2012 (D. C. F. Rentz, G. Wilson, Stop 12-8, 2 males , ANIC). 17o20’S 145o52’E The Boulders, 6 km W. Babinda, 5.xi.1973 (K. H. L. Key, 1 female , Key’s Field notes, trip 185, stop 57975.9, ANIC). Song. Fig. 22A

Male. Head Frons feebly concave when viewed laterally, surface smooth, genae not appreciably swollen. Fastigium of vertex narrowly triangular, not produced above antennal scrobes; surface with deep median sulcus. Antennal scape feebly produced on internal margin, anterior margin of dorsal surface with a minute tooth. Thorax. Pronotum with anterior margin with 3 minute tubercles on each side and a few placed in the middle ( Fig. 5C ), lateral margin with 2 blunt teeth ( Fig. 5C ) mesonotum with 2 blunt teeth laterally, metanotum with 2 teeth and a smaller, more blunt tooth on latero-posterior angle; lateral lobe with disk sulci continuous almost to ventral margin ( Figs. 5C , 6C ), pro- and metanotal surface of lateral lobe each with a small tubercle in the middle; posterior margin of metanotal region of lateral lobe with 3 minute tubercles positioned in median 1/3; ventral margin of lateral lobe minutely and irregularly serrate or tuberculate. Thoracic auditory spiracle minutely circular. Sternum with prosternal processes thickened, close-set, but abruptly narrowing apically. Mesosternum with anterior margin of plates divided and with a prominent tooth on each side, lateral margin evenly tuberculate, posterior margin with an acute projection internally. Metasternum with less prominent tubercles along margins. Legs. Fore coxa with an elongate spine. Fore tibia with a number of minute spines along both margins of ventral surface; apex armed with a minute spine on each side. Middle tibia armed with 3–4 minute spines on both margins of ventral surface; apex with a minute spine on each side. Hind tibia with approximately 13 minute spines on internal margin of dorsal surface, each separated by a number of stout setae, external margin with 5–6 minute tooth-like spines similarly separated by stout setae, apex unarmed; ventral surface with 6 spines on internal margin, 5 spines on external margin, apex with a single spine on each side. Wings. Tegmen ( Fig. 6B ) extending to posterior fifth of hind femur at rest; apex acute, anterior margin straight, posterior margin weakly produced ( Fig. 5A , 20 C, D). Costal field produced with large cells, the accompanying veins white. Wing with radius divided in basal third; cross-veins emphasised by colour. 1. Named with reference to the distinctive curvature of the tegmen of both sexes of the species. Abdomen. Tenth tergite with cerci turned inwards and concealed on all dry-mounted specimens; caudal margin of tenth tergite not deeply incised; cercus slender, straight, external tooth straight ( Fig. 6D ) about equal in length to that of apical tooth; supra-anal plate ( Fig. 6D ) broadly triangular, apex obtuse, extending to apical quarter of cercus; subgenital plate shallowly incised, the lateral projections short, robust; titillator ( Fig. 6E ) fused, base broad, apex broadly obtuse, very poorly sclerotised. Female. Differs in considerably larger size ( Table 2 ) and following characters: metanotum with a small tubercle on each side in anterior region; tegmen ( Fig. 6B ); wing with cross-veins less emphasised by colour; tenth tergite produced tongue-like, caudal margin smoothly obtuse; cercus elongate, slender directed posteriorly; subgenital plate about as broad as long, without projection at base, apex tapering and with a shallow median incision. Ovipositor with tip minutely serrate on ventral margin ( Fig. 6F, G ). Colour. Overall colour green with variable number of orange or yellow orange spots on tegmina, variable in position; often one or more creamish irregular large white spots in middle of tegmen. All spotting bilaterally symmetrical. Abdomen ringed with purple, the intensity decreasing caudally. Locality Length Length Width Length Length Length Length Length Body Pronotum Pronotum Fore femur Middle femur Hind femur Tegmen Ovipositor Holotyp e Mt Haig Rd 14.0 3.4 2.6 7.8 6.0 12.3 11.0 Males Mt Lewis 15.0 3.3 2.3 7.5 5.3 11.0 11.7 Davies Ck 13.2 3.4 2.3 7.2 5.3 10.8 11.8 Mt Haig Rd 14.0 3.3 2.2 7.0 5.8 11.2 11.0 “ 15.0 3.4 2.3 7.2 6.0 11.4 10.5 “ 14.8 3.7 2.2 8.0 6.0 12.0 11.0 “ 14.2 3.5 2.2 7.5 5.6 11.4 11.0 37 Km S Cooktown 13.6 3.5 2.5 7.0 5.8 11.0 11.8 Upper Boulder Ck - 3.5 2.6 7.6 6.2 11.1 11.1 Females Davies Ck 23.5 5.2 3.6 9.1 7.1 14.6 25.0 9.7 Mt Haig Rd 23.6 5.0 3.2 9.0 7.1 14.6 25.0 9.6 Wright’s Ck 22.6 4.8 3.2 9.2 7.2 15.2 25.7 9.3 Lake Barrine 22.5 5.2 3.8 9.5 7.7 15.5 24.3 9.0 Charmillin Ck 22.4 5.2 3.6 9.1 7.1 14.7 24.2 10.0 “ 32.0 5.2 3.7 9.0 7.6 15.0 25.9 9.0 Specimens examined: Paratypes : Queensland: 15o53’S 145o13’E Mt Misery Rd, 730 m 1–3.i.1991 (ANZSES Expedition, 1 male , QMUS). 15o48’S 145o17’E Mt Finnigan, 37 km S. Cooktown, 19–22.iv.1982 (Monteith, D. Yeates, D. Cook, 1 male , QMUS). 17o26’S 145o42’E Hughes Rd, Topaz, 650 m , 4–5.xii.1993 (G. Monteith, D. Cook, Janetszki, 1 male , QMUS). 17o02S 145o37E Davies Ck., ( 15 km from Kennedy Hwy) 1.iii.1988 (D. C. F. Rentz, 1 male , Cytol. prep. 88–134, ANIC). 16o34’S 145o16’E Mt Lewis 8 km WNW of Julatten, 10.xii.1985 (J. Balderson, 1 male collected as nymph, matured in laboratory, 15.i.1986 ; Cytol. Prep. 86- 10; Song Recorded S-394, ANIC). Ca . 16o35’S 145o17’E Mt Lewis Rd., below gate, 25.i.2014 (D. C. F. Rentz, G. Wilson, Stop 3, 1 male , ANIC). 17o 02’S 145o36’E Davies Ck Rd., Lamb Ra., Dinden Nat. Pk. Kahlpahlim Trail, 15.ii.2012 (D. C. F. Rentz, Stop 12-9, 1 female , ANIC). 17o15S 145o38E Lake Barrine, Atherton Tableland, 28.i.1988 (D. C. F. Rentz Stop A-8, 1 male D. C. F. Rentz; Cytol. prep. 88-17; Song recorded S-482; 2 females , one collected as nymph, matured 28.vi.1988 , ANIC); same locality 12.xii.2007 (D. C. F. Rentz, D. T. Gwynne, stop 20, 1 female , ANIC). 17o43’S 145o31’E Koombooloomba Rd, Charmillin Walking Track, 19.i.2009 (D. C. F. Rentz, 2 females , ANIC). 17o06’S 145o37’E Mt Haig Rd, 11 km NE of Tinaroo Dam wall, Atherton Tableland, 5.ii.1988 (D. C. F. Rentz, Stop A-15, 4 males 1 female , Cytol. preps. 88-34, -35, -75 -121; Song recorded S- 528, -561, ANIC). 17o05’S 145o35’E Mt Haig, 22 km NE by N. of Atherton, 16.iii.1988 (D. C. F. Rentz, Stop A-35, 1 female , ANIC). 17o17’S 145o34’E Curtain Fig, 2 km SSW. of Yungaburra, 21.i.1988 (D. C. F. Rentz, Stop A-2, 1 females , ANIC). 17o17’S 145o38’E Wright Ck., nr Lake Eacham, nr Atherton, 9.xii.1985 (J. Balderson, 1 female , ANIC). 17o27’S 145o28’E Longlands Gap State For., (off Hwy 1), 1110m , 8.i.2011 , (D. C. F. Rentz, B. Richardson Stop 2, 1 male , ANIC). Same locality, 30.i.2012 (D. C. F. Rentz, B. Richardson, Stop 12-6, 1 male , ANIC). Upper Boulder Creek, 10 km N. of Tully, 800 m , 4–5.xii.1989 (G. Monteith, G. Thompson. Janetski, 1 male , QMUS). 17o06’S 145o37’S GS2 Mt Edith 1050 m , 4–31.v.1995 (P. Zborowski, 1 male , ANIC). Other specimens : 16o35’75.”S 145o21.75”E (GE) Kingfisher Park, Julatten, 423 m , 25.i.2014 (D. C. F. Rentz, 1 last instar male ( Fig. 6H , photographed but not collected, not paratype ). Measurements (in mm). Holotype male. Body w/wing 14.0; pronotum, length 3.4; pronotum, width 2.6; fore femur 7.8; middle femur 6.0; hind femur 12.3; tegmen length 11.0. Song. Figs. 22B–D.