Bioacoustics of Chilecicada

Molecular phylogenetics. Molecular voucher accessions and collecting data are found in Supp. Table 1. Four independent runs resulted in identical topologies ( Fig. 18 ), and MCMC chains converged given the average standard deviation of split frequencies of 0.005146, which falls below the minimum threshold of 0.02. A monophyletic Chilecicada received 1.0 posterior probability. C. viridicitata is monophyletic and sister to all other Chilecicada . Two exemplars that fall into other clades make C. impartemporaria polyphyletic. C. curacaviensis form a grade leading up to a clade of mixed taxa.All but one C. occidentis exemplar form a clade. Two clades of C. partemporaria correspond to a geographic break: the totopotype from Santiago belongs to a clade of Santiago and Cordillera Province exemplars, while the other contains exemplars from the south in Cachapoal and Colchagüa provinces ( Fig. 19 ). Sister to the northern C. partemporaria clade is topotype C. culenesensis from Melipilla Province west of Santiago ( Fig. 19 ). Each clade consists of a single song type ( Fig. 18 ), barring the intrusion of the two wandering C. impartemporaria that bring type 2 songs into clades consisting of type 1 and type 4 songs, respectively. Genetic distance between C. viridicitata and the remainder of Chilecidada is on the order of 9.5% - 11%, for an estimated divergence time of 8-14 Ma (Supp. Table 2).

Pulse rate (MANOVA, P =7.15×10 -1 ), syllable rate (MANOVA, P =7.39×10 -1 ), and mean dominant frequency (MANOVA, P =3.09×10 -1 ) showed no relationship with temperature. Significant temperature by species interactions were found initially for echeme duration (MANOVA, P =6.17×10 -5 ). When partitioned by species the C. impartemporaria echeme duration showed a positive relationship with temperature (GLM, P =4.28×10 -2 , R 2 = 32.30%; Fig. 17 ). Removal of C. impartemporaria rendered the temperature by species interaction nonsignificant for the remainder of Chilecicada (MANOVA, P =3.21×10 -1 ). Male Chilecicada relied on crypsis and remained stationary for long periods, rarely flying even when disturbed; C. citatatemporaria and C. impartemporaria did not attempt to fly even when captured, and C. occidentis occasionally flew short distances when disturbed but males also dropped to the ground. Chilecicada males sang in aggregations from mid morning (1043 h) to late afternoon (1758 h) and called repeatedly from the same perches. Shortly after an echeme was initiated a male would often lift the abdomen, which was correlated with an increase in echeme amplitude ( Plate 2C ). Perch height was different among sympatric C. occidentis and C. partemporaria at Peñaolén: the former perched on low bushes and forbs, while the latter tended to perch 2m or above on acacia and other trees. In addition to timbalization, wing flicks ( Plate 4 ) were observed in six Chilecicada species : C. citatatemporaria (n=1), C. impartemporaria (n=3), C. magna (n=1), C. partemporaria (n=3), C. pehuenchesensis (n=1), and C. trifasciunca (n=1). Males inserted wing flicks within the interecheme intervals of their songs. Females were observed neither within the vicinity of wing flicking males nor to flick their own wings.