Bioacoustics of Chalcothea smaragdina

Description of third instar larva. Body ( Fig. 2A ). Length 53.0–67.0 mm, dorsoventral interval of abdominal segments slightly larger than in thoracic segments (thus abdominal segments appear slightly thicker, abdominal segment VIII is the thickest). Body, especially on ventral side, covered with numerous stiff, brown setae. Dorsal part of thorax and abdomen covered with more slender and shorter setae. Head capsule ( Fig. 3A ). Maximum width 4.2–4.6 mm , surface of cranium with indistinct micro-sculpture, yellowish or reddish brown, parts of epicranium with numerous darker irregular spots. Frontal sutures moderately sinuated. Epicranial insertions of antennal muscles distinct (visible as dark spot proximal to the frontal suture slightly above the level of anterior epicranial setae). Cranial chaetotaxy summarized in Table 1 . Anterior and exterior frontal setae absent. Antennae ( Figs 3A ; 9E ). Relative length of antennomeres I–IV (an I–IV): an I Ŀ an IV> an II> an III), ultimate antennomere with 9–14 dorsal and 11–18 ventral sensory spots. Epipharynx ( Figs 4A ; 12A,D ). Haptomerum: Zygum convex, with arcuate or angulate row of 13–18 stout conical setae and medial row of another four to six stout setae. Sensilla of zygum grouped in two groups distad to the row of stout setae. Acroparia: Lateral lobes of epipharynx with three to four long setae, medial lobe with four and four to ¿ve setae on ventral and dorsal side, respectively. Acanthoparia with three to ¿ve large tubercles each with single seta; the size of the tubercles, as well as the length of setae, increasing towards apex (of epipharynx). Chaetoparia: Asymmetric, right side with single regular row of long stiff setae and four to ¿ve irregular rows, left side with one regular and three to four irregular rows. Right side of chaetoparia with approximately 40–60, left with 30–40 setae respectively. Pedium large. Dexiotorma somewhat crooked, robust, but narrowed toward medial end, right pternotorma only indicated. Laeotorma present. Haptolachus: Sense cone large, broad at the base, conical, almost pointed at the tip, with four pores. Plate-like sclerite large, occupying almost the entire area between sense cone and the regular rows on both sides of chaetoparia. Sensilla of haptolachus organized in two groups (both with two sensilla), each group is located proximal to the end of the respective regular row of stiff setae of chaetoparia. Mandibles ( Figs 6A–C ; 7J–L ; 13F ). Stridulatory area very small, with approximately ¿ve to seven indistinct ridges. Scrobis with two to three lateral setae. Longitudinal furrow present, extending towards apex of mandibles, with two prominent lateroapical setae and one or two posterior setae (occasionally absent). Right mandible with three scissorial teeth, the middle tooth blade-shaped, occasionally with small incision or processus. Maxilla ( Figs 5A ; 12G ). Dorsal surface of cardo and labacoparia with four to eight, 16–24 setae, respectively. Ventral surface of cardo and labacoparia with three and 8 to 13 stiff setae respectively. Dorsal surface of stipes with approximately 16 slender hair-like setae and one or two anterolateral stout setae. Maxillary stridulatory apparatus on stipes with six to eight drop-like or obtuse stridulatory teeth (in dorsal aspect, Fig. 12G ) and one blunt tubercle. Ventral surface of stipes with single proximal and two distal setae (long and stout, arranged in transverse row). Galear portion of mala in dorsal aspect beside large falcate uncus with three to ¿ve large stiff and two to ¿ve medium sized hair-like setae respectively. Lacinial part of mala with around twenty mostly long and stiff setae. Lacinial uncus beside large pointed claw with minute second pointed tip and two conical, stout setae. Ventral surface of mala with two longitudinal rows of three setae; setae of the exterior row long and stiff, setae of the interior row shorter and stout. Hypopharyngeal sclerome ( Fig. 5A ). Around ten tegumentary expansions (phoba-like processes) present on the left lateral lobe of hypopharynx, the presence of tegumentary expansions on right medial portion scleroma individually variable. Ligula ( Figs 5A ; 13A ). Dorsal surface with two lateral groups of around 10 hair-like setae (each group consist of longitudinal and oblique row), two paramedial setae at the apical margin and central group of setae and sensilla. This group is composed of two paramedial rows of approximately four stout, conical setae, and transverse, basomedial row with two bulbose setae on each side and two paramedial conical setae. Thorax ( Figs 2A ; 6P ; 7S ; 9M ). Prothoracic sclerite with approximately six to eight setae on the anteroventral margin and another one or two setae in the posterio-dorsal area. Each sublobe of prothorax dorsal with single sparse row of mostly long or medium-long setae. Thoracic spiracle ( Fig. 6P ) 0.9 × 0.63 mm (height × width), bullar opening narrow, arms of respiratory plate almost concealed. Respiratory plate with approximately 50 holes across diameter. Pretarsus ( Fig. 7S ) conical with minute pointed tip and two apical setae. Abdomen ( Figs 10A ; 11A ). Abdominal chaetotaxy more developed than on thorax, each dorsal sublobe of abdominal segments I–VIII with two to three rows of setae. Setae in anterior row(s) short or medium-sized, posterior row also with several long setae. Dorsum of abdominal segment IX–X, as well as the entire ventral part of abdomen covered by stiff medium-long to long setae. Spiracles on abdominal segments I–V elongate, similar to thoracic spiracle, abdominal spiracles on segments VI–VIII almost circular. Raster ( Figs 10A ; 11A ). Rows of pali absent, tegilla fused, covered with numerous mediumlong hamate setae. Ventral anal lip with rows of numerous short apically recurved setae.