Bioacoustics of Caracladus zamoniensis

Females : Epigyne of C. zamoniensis spec. nov. with two anterior pouches formed by the ventral and dorsal plate, anterior borders highly sclerotised ( Fig. 56 ). Pouches in C. avicula much larger and less sclerotised ( Fig. 26 ). C. zamoniensis spec. nov. with ventrally visible square dorsal plate, sclerotised parts of the vulva visible in transparency through ventral and dorsal plate defining a bright hourglass-like form centrally ( Fig. 56 ). C. avicula with rectangular dorsal plate without sclerotised parts visible in transparency through dorsal plate but lateral to it ( Fig. 26 ). Vulva of C. zamoniensis spec. nov. without copulatory duct, those of C. avicula with. Vulva of C. zamoniensis spec. nov. simple with hook-like sclerotised pouch borders, originating anterior and mesal to the receptacula ( Figs 57, 58 ), in C. avicula shapes more complex ( Figs 27, 28 ). Description. Male ( Holotype , NMBE Ar 6741): Total length 2.18 mm . Cephalothorax: honey brown (138 U); reticulated; broad oval; 0.85 mm long without cephalic lobe ( Fig. 54 ), 1.22 mm long with cephalic lobe ( Fig. 54 ); 0.65 mm wide. Cephalic lobe: honey brown (138 U); shaft with few long hairs ( Fig. 52 ); shaft constantly thick, at thinnest part below the eye-field 0.10 mm wide laterally, 0.11 mm wide dorsally ( Figs 52, 54 ); tip of lobe laterally flattened with many short, stout and few long, slender hairs anterior to the PME ( Figs 52, 54 ); sulcus 0.08 mm below AME ( Fig. 53 ). Eyes: PME topmost on the cephalic lobe; AME projecting forward, lateral eyes besides the AME; one long macroseta projecting forward between AME ( Fig. 54 ). Clypeus: directed obliquely backwards. Sternum: very fine brown (469 U) pigmentation on yellow (124 U) ground, dark brown (469 U) on the margins; 0.47 mm long; 0.51 mm wide; shield-shaped. Chelicerae: yellow (124 U); promargin with 5 teeth; retromargin with 5 denticles; stridulatory striae very dense and fine. Legs: yellow to light brown (120 U); formula 4-1-2-3; tibia I proximally bent and dorsal with glabrous area from proximal to more than half its length ( Fig. 55 ), tibia III–IV with one dorsal proximal macroseta (0-0-1-1); metatarsi I–III with one trichobothrium, Tm I: 0.54 mm , metatarsus IV without trichobothria. Pedipalp: patella two times longer than broad, tibia retrolateral with expansion (round glabrous area, Fig. 51 ), one retrolateral and one prolateral trichobothrium ( Fig. 51 ); paracymbium a simple clasp; tegulum distal with short and long papillae on protegulum ( Fig. 48 ); suprategular apophysis semi-circular; marginal suprategular apophysis rather small, emerging close to the tip; distal suprategular apophysis robust, highly sclerotised ( Figs 49, 50 ); column broad; embolic membrane slender; radix simple without any processes other than the elongated radical tailpiece and the embolus; embolus strongly sclerotised, twisted; broad at the base; very thin, curved tip ( Fig. 50 ). Abdomen: dark olive green-brown (125 U); booklung covers very light brown (467 U); scaly. Female ( Paratype , NMBE Ar 6742): Total length 1.81 mm . Cephalothorax: honey brown (138 U); reticulated; 0.89 mm long; 0.65 mm wide. Eyes: posterior row slightly procurved; anterior row straight. Sternum: very fine brown (469 U) pigmentation on yellow (124 U) ground, dark brown (469 U) on the margins; 0.46 mm long; 0.46 mm wide; shield-shaped. Chelicerae: honey brown (138 U); promargin with 5 large teeth; retromargin with 5 denticles; stridulatory striae very fine and dense. Legs: yellow (122 U); formula 4-1-2-3; tibia I–IV with one dorsal proximal macroseta (1-1-1-1); metatarsi I–III with one trichobothrium, Tm I: 0.52 mm , metatarsus IV without trichobothria. Epigyne: simple with hook-like sclerotised pouch borders, originating anteriorly and mesally to the receptacula ( Figs. 57, 58 ); dorsal plate square, fully visible in ventral view; sclerotised parts of vulva visible in transparency through ventral and dorsal plate, defining a bright hourglass-like form centrally ( Fig. 56 ). Vulva: without copulatory duct; receptacula globular, incoming dorsally. Abdomen: dorsal olive green-brown (119 U), ventral darker (147 U). Variation . The measurements are based on all type material ( 10♂ 9♀ ) plus specimens from the NMB (810i: 1♂ 2♀ ) and the MHNG (Axalp: 1♂ ; Fionnay: 1♂ 1♀ ). Males (n=13, means in brackets): The coloration is variable. Total length 1.91–2.18 mm ( 2.09 mm ). Cephalothorax: 0.73–0.86 mm ( 0.82 mm ) long without cephalic lobe, 1.10–1.23 mm ( 1.18 mm ) long with cephalic lobe; 0.61–0.69 mm ( 0.65 mm ) wide. Cephalic lobe: at thinnest part below the eye-field 0.10–0.13 mm ( 0.11 mm ) wide laterally, 0.09–0.11 mm ( 0.11 mm ) wide dorsally; sulcus 0.07–0.11 mm ( 0.08 mm ) below AME ( Fig. 53 ). Legs: Tm I: 0.50–0.59 mm ( 0.54 mm ). Females (n=12, means in brackets): The colorations are variable. Total length 1.62–2.00 mm ( 1.82 mm ). Cephalothorax: 0.75–0.89 mm ( 0.82 mm ) long; 0.60–0.65 mm ( 0.62 mm ) wide. Legs: Tm I: 0.48–0.60 mm ( 0.53 mm ).