Bioacoustics of Bryodemini

Diagnosis . Body large or medium-size, robust. Head short, smooth from above, face in profile almost vertical. Fastigium of vertex broad. Foveolae weakly defined, visible from above, broadly triangular. Antennae filiform. Pronotum with low, but sometimes slightly or distinctly razed in metazona median carina, cut by 2-3 transverse furrows; lateral carinae indicated only in metazona. Prosternum smooth. Mesosternal lobes subsquare or transverse; in female mesosternal interspace very broad, distinctly broader than mesosternal lobe. Metasternal lobes separated, metasternal interspace very broad, transverse. Male tegmina with broadly rounded apex, well developed, rarely abbreviated (genus Andrea ), in female tegmina abbreviated or well developed. Anterior margin of tegmen almost straight; precostal field broad; costal field narrow; medial field relatively broad, with distinct intercalate vein or without it; cubital field as broad as or 1.2–2.7 times broader than the apical part of medial field; intercalate vein in the medial field of male tegmina with numerous small pegs, sometimes intercalar vien absent and in this case pegs situated on other main veins of tegmen. Hind wings hyaline, black or reddish, with or without band, usually with thickened anal veins, rarely (genus Compsorhipis ) all anal veins slender; dorsal side of male anal veins with one row of setae; in the genus Andrea both sexes with vestigial hind wings. Hind femora stout; upper keel smooth; lower lobe of hind knees with broadly rounded or gentle angular apex. Lower inner keel of hind femora without stridulatory pegs. The base of hind tibiae from above smooth, with furrows, or distinctly punctured. Arolium usually very small, rarely relatively large and reaching apical 2/3 of claws. Tympanum large, oval. Male 10th tergite without furculae. Supra-anal plate triangular. Male cerci elongated with rounded apex, female cerci conical. Male subganital plate in profile short conical. Ovipositor short, hook-like. Male genitalia: epiphallus bridge-like with large ancorae and platelike lophi; apodemes short and broad; zygoma with broadly rounded posterior margin; both valves of cingulum and apical valves of penis relatively short ( Figs 11–15 ). Comparison. Bryodemini differs from the other Palaearctic tribes of Oedipodinae as follow. Habitus of Bryodemini is most similar to Oedipodini Walker, 1871 , but in latter tribe the median carina of pronotum cut by principal furrow only. Trilophidiini Johnston, 1956 differs from Bryodemini by the head from above with two tubercles between eyes. In the tribe Locustini W. Kirby, 1825 pronotum with distinctly raised median carina, which is smooth or cut by principal furrow only, and tympanum broadly or narrowly slit-like, while in Bryodemini median carina cut by 2–3 transverse furrows and tympanum oval. Sphingonotini Johnston, 1956 also differs from Bryodemini by the slit-like tympanum. By the low median carina of pronotum Bryodemini similar to Epacromiini Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893, but in latter the foveolae strongly defined, large, triangular or trapezoidal. Tribe Parapleurini Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 differs from Bryodemini , as well as from all other tribes of Oedipodinae , in the present of distinct but low median tubercle on prosternum.