Bioacoustics of Acauloplacella (Acauloplacella) queenslandica

Male . General. Head. Head smooth except for a few minute tubercles beneath eye ( Fig. 9 B); fastigium of vertex projecting, surface sulcate only at tip ( Fig. 9 A); occiput with median carina indicated mostly by colour. Antennae with scape quadrate, projecting well in front of fastigium of vertex, internal margin feebly carinate and usually lacking an apical tooth ( Fig. 9 A, with tooth). (See Table 2 ); pedicel quadrate, small, about 1/5 length of scape, with a small swelling at base on internal margin. Character queenslandica Incisa hasenpuschae mecyna 1. Size Small (Table 1) Large (Table 1) Moderate (Table 1) Large (Table 1) 2. Carina on occiput Present ( Fig. 1 ) Absent or poorly Absent, with sulcus Indicated by colour, with developed, with sulcus sulcus ( Fig. 10 A) ( Fig. 9 A) 3. Tooth on antennal scape Present Absent or present (Fig. 9A) Absent Absent 4. Tubercles on head Present Absent Absent Absent 5. Antennal flagellum Not annulate Not annulate A few spots beyond 5th flagellar segment Annulate (Fig. 3) 6. Tubercles on pronotal disk Scattered, a few forming median carina Not forming median carina (Fig. 9B) Characteristic (Fig. 2A) Tubercles forming median carina (Fig. 10D) 7. Pronotal transverse sulci Deep and continuous on metazona Median sulcus only Median and metazonal sulci (Fig. 9B) Very deep median sulcus (Fig. 10D) 8. Tubercles on femora Absent Absent Present on fore femur Absent 9. Tegmina Fig. 4A Fig. 4B, C Fig. 4D Fig. 4E 10. Male tenth tergite margin, median incision Fig. 5A Fig. 9C Fig. 8B Fig. 10B, C 11. Male supra-anal plate Fig. 5A Fig. 8B Fig. 10C 12. Titillators Tongue-like (Fig. 5C) Complex (Fig. 9F, G) Divided, poorly sclerotised, if at all A curving tongue-like structure (Fig. 10E, F) 13. Male subgenital plate Scoop-shaped, no stem (Fig. 5A) Short, styles on stem, no median incision (Fig. 9C, D) Stem short, no median incision (Fig. 8A-C) Stem very elongate, short median incision (Fig. 10B, C) 14. Female subgenital plate Apex incised, laterally with ridges Broadly triangular, weak lateral ridges (Fig. 9E) Broadly triangulate, without lateral ridges Unknown 15. Ovipositor 2 carinae & 2 tubercles at tip (Fig. 6A) 2 carinae & 2 tubercles at tip (Fig. 6B) Laterally unarmed (Fig. 6C) Unknown 16. Colour Fig. 1 Fig. 2B Fig. 2C Note spots on pronotum (Fig. 10D) Thorax. Pronotum with surface sparsely tuberculate, the tubercles much more reduced in size and number than in any other Australian species, the median carina topped by a series of tubercles; lateral lobes with a row to tubercles or serrations along ventral margin ( Fig. 9 B); cephalic and caudal margins of disk projecting and lacking tubercles; surface of disk with a thin transverse sulcus. Prosternum unarmed; meso- and metasternum each prominent, frontal ridge lacking any serrations. Auditory tympanum barely discernable. Wings. Tegmina very elongate ( Fig. 4 D, Table 1), evenly bowed on anterior margin. Stridulatory vein extremely thickened, especially at base, mirror and remainder of stridulatory area heavily coriaceous and not really distinct from adjacent venation; right tegmen with mirror poorly defined and not coriaceous. Legs. Fore leg with femur with a sharp median dorsal carina, minutely serrate or not, ventral surface lacking carinae, but minutely serrate or not on anterior or posterior margins. Middle leg with femur with a low median carina dorsally, surface irregular, ventral surface with anterior margin carinate and minutely serrate, posterior surface without tubercles. Hind leg with outer pagina of femur with a deep, oblique longitudinal sulcus, dorsal surface with an elongate median carina, ventral surface with out margin serrate for entire distance. Abdomen. Tenth tergite with apical margin with a prominent U-shaped median incision ( Fig. 9 C); supraanal plate triangular, about 3x longer than broad, apically acute and feebly directed upwards, surface with a longitudinal carina for its entire length; paraprocts a minute spine directed dorsally and completely hidden by cercus. Cercus elongate, very similar to that described for A. queenslandica . Titillator ( Figs. 9 F, G) a complex well sclerotised structure comprising a broad “tongue” followed by a “crest” (seen as a dark brown line in Figs. 9 F), surrounding fleshy lobes apically bearing long hairs. Subgenital plate ( Fig. 9 D) with ventral surface without any trace of median carina, in other respects similar to that described for A. hasenpuschae . Female . Differs from male in following: supra-anal plate chordate, with median carina, extending to base of ovipositor; cercus elongate, flimsy; subgenital plate ( Fig. 9 E) short, quadrate, with lateral ridges, sides parallel in most specimens. Ovipositor ( Fig. 6 B) with relatively large dorsal serrations, minute ventral serrations concentrated at apex; sides of ovipositor with 2 dorso-ventral carinae and 1–3 tubercles near apex. Colour . Dark green in life with linear sequence of darker green spots on tegmina in most specimens. Median carina of head and pronotum ivory white on majority of specimens. Abdomen yellow with green rings. Ovipositor dark brown on apical dorsal and ventral margins and on ridges and tubercles, remainder straw brown. Specimens examined. Paratypes : Queensland: 12o43’S . 143o18’E . 11 km ENE. of Mt Tozer, nr Iron Range Nat. Pk, 11.vii.1986 (DCF Rentz, Stop I-10, 1 male, ANIC). Daintree, 6.vi.1960 (T. G. Campbell, 1 male , ANIC). 16o48’S . 145o38’E . (GPS) Kuranda, 335 m elev., Top of the Range, 19 Butler Dr, 15– 30.iv.2003 ; 15–31.iii.2004 , 1–15.vi.2004 , 15–31.i.2005 , 1–15.ii.2006 , 1–15.xi.2007 , 16–31.vii.2008 , 1– 15.xii.2009 (DCF Rentz, 1 male , 7 females , ANIC). 16o48’S . 145o37’E . (GPS) Kuranda (Caravan Park) 11.xii.2004 , 7.v.2007 (DCF Rentz, 2 males , ANIC). Kuranda, 12.ii.2000 (J. Hasenpusch, 1 male , ANIC). 16o49’S . 145o37’E . (GPS) 16o49’S . 145o37’E . Kuranda, (Village Service Station), 26.ii.2004 (DCF Rentz, 1 female , ANIC). Acauloplacella ( P. ) mecyna 3 Rentz, Su & Ueshima Iron Range Leaf Mimic Figs. 3 ; 4E; 10A–F; Tables 1, 2; Map 1

Male . General. Head. Head smooth, without tubercles; fastigium of vertex projecting, surface depressed and shallowly sulcate; occiput with a thin, somewhat irregular carina; frons smooth, not concave. Antenna with scape quadrate, projecting only slightly in front of fastigium of vertex, internal margin bearing a short 3. Named with reference to the very elongate “stalk” of the male subgenital plate. tooth, cephalic margin irregular, raised and carinate; pedicel cylindrical, not modified, and half the length of scape. Flagellum of antenna faintly annulate. Thorax. Pronotum with surface very sparsely tuberculate, the tubercles minute and not forming any pattern; median carina ( Fig. 10 A) formed by a series of tubercles ( Fig. 10 D); lateral lobes smooth along cephalic and caudal margins, ventral margin heavily serrate. Surface of disk with metasternum defined by a deep transverse sulcus, lateral lobe with a sulcus bordering pro- and mesosterna. Prosternum unarmed, meso- and metasterna each with a pair of pits; frontal ridge irregular but not serrate. Auditory tympanum relatively large, ovate, directed posteriorly. Wings. Tegmina elongate, with a prominent bow on anterior margin ( Fig. 4 E). Stridulatory vein short, thick, with an accessory vein preceding; mirror weakly coriaceous and with 7 cells each with a black spot formed by a coalescence of minute dark brown to black spots; right tegmen with mirror with a weak diagonal vein and with a number of more or less parallel veins extending caudad, dark spots completely lacking. Legs. Fore leg with femur bearing a prominent dorsal carina, ventral surface weakly serrate on anterior margin, posterior pagina with a few tubercles at base; tibia serrate on anterior margin of ventral surface, auditory structure swollen. Middle leg with femur smooth on dorsal surface, ventral surface serrate on anterior margin, posterior margin smooth, pagina smooth; tibia distinctly flattened and flanged, anterior surface sulcate, ventral margin serrate, dorsal surface with tubercles on both margins. Hind leg with outer surface of femur smooth and with a median longitudinal sulcus over its entire length, ventral surface serrate along entire outer margin; tibia quadrate and flanged on outer ventral margin at base, internal margin with a few minute serrations. Abdomen. Tenth tergite ( Fig. 10 B, C) with apical margin irregular, not indented; supra-anal plate ( Fig. 10 B) apex indented. Cercus very elongate, cylindrical, tapering to apex; paraprocts short, stout, directed laterally, appearing to emanate from base of cercus. Titillator ( Fig. 10 E) with central sclerotised portion a single curing tongue, well sclerotised and carinate dorsally ( Fig. 10 F). Subgenital plate ( Fig. 10 C) indented at base, the corners rounded; stalk extraordinarily elongate, with very narrow median incision occupying less than 1/5 of the length of the stalk itself; styles held well above tip of abdomen at rest. Female . Unknown Colour . Colour very pale green; pronotum with metanotum with a small ‘eyespot” on each side; tegmina with characteristic marks ( Fig. 3 ). Specimens examined. Known only from holotype .

Male . General. This is a moderately large species (Table 1) easily recognised by the relatively broad, flat central portion of the pronotum which is emphasised by yellowish colour ( Fig. 2A ) and the cylindrical male cerci with a subapical hook ( Fig. 5 B). Females have the ovipositor with minute serrations on the dorsal and ventral margins at the tip and no tubercles or ridges on the sides ( Fig. 6 C). Head. Head smooth, without tubercles; fastigium of vertex projecting, surface deeply and broadly sulcate; occiput without any trace of carina; frons smooth, not concave. Antenna with scape quadrate, projecting well in front of fastigium of vertex, internal margin carinate only apically, surface near apex concave and lacking an apical tooth; pedicel quadrate, about 1/3 length of scape, with a prominent tubercle at base on internal margin. 1. Named in honour of Mrs Sue Hasenpusch, a friend and collector of many orthopteroids in the Innisfail region of north Queensland. Thorax. Pronotum with surface sparsely tuberculate, the tubercles not arranged in any pattern; surface of disk faintly flattened and lacking a median carina but with a single deep transverse sulcus on cephalic boundary of metanotum, this preceded by a much shallower and less defined and broader sulcus; lateral lobes feebly irregularly tuberculate. Prosternum unarmed; meso- and metasternum each more poorly indicated than in A. queenslandica Rentz, Su & Ueshima sp. nov ; frontal ridge serrate across its entire margin. Auditory tympanum relatively prominent, circular, directed posteriorly. Wings. Tegmina ( Fig. 4 B,C) short, broad, with prominent bow on anterior margin. Stridulatory vein short, thick, not raised; mirror weakly coriaceous and with a strong central Y-shaped longitudinal vein; right tegmen with mirror smooth and without any central venation, caudal portion with a small amount of coriaceous venation not extending much beyond border. Legs. Fore leg with femur with sharp dorsal carina, not serrate, ventral surface with carinae lacking serrations, posterior surface bearing 5 prominent tubercles of equal size; tibia unspined. Middle leg with femur not dorsally carinate on either margin, ventral surface with only a suggestion of serrations apically on anterior margin. Hind leg with external pagina smooth and with a longitudinal sulcus over its entire length; tibia quadrate, somewhat swollen in proximal half, apex on ventral surface with a minute spine on each side. Abdomen. Tenth tergite ( Fig. 8 A) with apical margin feebly irregular; supra-anal plate ( Fig. 5 B, 8B) very elongate, at least 2.5x as long as wide, base raised, with a short feeble median carina, apex slightly concave, margins of plate bearing long hairs; paraproct with a minute, short, slender spine, barely discernable. Cercus ( Fig. 5 B) prominent, rigid, short stout, cylindrical, with a minute tooth subapically, surface hirsute. Titillators represented as divided, elongate, extremely feebly, if at all, shagreened fleshy process, somewhat twisted at apex and ovoid at base; apices of adjacent fleshy lobes clothed with long hairs. Subgenital plate ( Figs. 8 A, B) extending upwards to or near the level of the abdomen, but not beyond; ventral surface of plate with a feeble subapical carina ( Fig. 8 C), stalk short, styles strongly cup-shaped, densely hirsute. Female . Differs from male in following: supra-anal plate extending as an elongate flange covering most of genitalia including base of ovipositor; subgenital plate broadly triangulate, sides with distinct ridges. Ovipositor ( Fig. 6 C) minutely serrate on both margins, external surface without any trace of tubercles or carinae. Eggs . The eggs are laid in wood, preferably bark cracks ( Fig. 8 D, E). They are flat and ovoid with a peculiar vesiculated area that protrudes from the surface once the egg has been laid. Colour . In life pale green, with yellow as indicated ( Fig. 2A ); legs greenish yellow; tegmen with most veins yellow, central portion of larger cells with a darker green spot; head with fastigium of vertex and adjacent head and pronotum yellow and brown. Specimens examined. Paratypes : Queensland: 17o28’S . 146o00’E . (GPS) Garradunga, Polly Creek, nr Innisfail, 10.xii.1998 , 27.xi.1993 , 10.ii.1994 , 26.x.1994 , 10.xii.1994 , 12.xii.1994 , 3.ii.1995 , 10.xii.1995 , 15.xi.1996 , 18.xii.1997 , 14.iii.1999 , 29.ii.2000 (J. Hasenpusch, 4 males , 8 females , ANIC). Bellenden Ker Range, Cableway base station, 100 m elev., 17–24.x.1981 (Earthwatch group, 1 female , QMUS). 19o14’S . 146o29’E . Bluewater Creek, nr Townsville, 11.iv.1990 (DCF Rentz, stop 14, 1 female, ANIC). 16o36’S . 145o20’E . “Kingfisher Park”, 1 km N. of Julatten, 22.iv.1997 (C. J. Burwell, 1 female , QMUS).

Male . Head. Head with prominent median carina on occiput continuous to fastigium of vertex which projects as a minute spine; frons flat, smooth, somewhat concave; genae in region of eye, sparsely tuberculate. Antenna with scape projecting well in front of fastigium of vertex, internal margin carinate and ending in a prominent tooth; pedicel 1/3 to 1/4 length of scape, with a small prominent tubercle on outer margin. Thorax. Pronotum evenly but sparsely tuberculate, median carina comprising coalesced tubercles; surface of disk traversed by a single, deep transverse sulcus positioned near the middle of the disk and continuous onto lateral lobes; ventral margin of lateral lobe beaded, the line of beads extending onto adjacent gena. Prosternum unarmed; mesosternum with margins smooth, the transverse ridge (cephalic margin) serrate only on cephalic humeral angles; meso- and metasterna each bearing a pair of prominent pits. Auditory tympanum minute, directed posteriorly. Wings. Tegmina ( Fig. 4 A) short, broad, well bowed on anterior margin; stridulatory vein very thick, much broader basally than distally; mirror of left tegmen strongly coriaceous, with an arching diagonal vein, mirror of right tegmen ill-defined, but coriaceous and with a pair of parallel veins running obliquely caudad from diagonal vein. Legs. Fore leg with femur feebly serrate on dorsal margin, tibia unspined. Middle leg with femur dorsally carinate on both margins, ventral surface feebly serrate on both margins, posterior surface lacking tubercles; tibia dorsally tuberculate on both margins, without spines, ventral surface serrate only on anterior margin. Hind femur with external pagina irregular but not sulcate, dorsal surface carinate, ventral surface evenly serrate on external margin, internal margin not serrate; tibia quadrate, dorsal surface feebly serrate, the serrations more concentrated apically, ventral surface smooth, apex armed with a minute spine on each side of ventral surface. Abdomen. Tenth tergite with apex irregular, poorly defined; supra-anal plate elongate, tongue-like extending well beyond apex of abdomen, with median carina, apically acute, surface sparsely hirsute; subgenital plate ( Fig. 5 A) prominently scoop-shaped, lacking a shaft, styles elongate, inflated in life. Cercus flimsy, very elongate, shrivelled in all dry material, appearing to have a stout basal tooth directed upwards, however, this tooth is not a part of the cercus but probably a paraproct. Titillator ( Fig. 5 C), represented as a minutely shagreened quadrate pad, longer than broad, in some specimens appearing divided. TABLE 1. Measurements (in mm) of Australian Acauloplacella species. Localities are notational; see text for details. Species Length Length Body Pronotum Width Pronotum Length Tegmen Length Hind Femur Length Ovipositor incisa Males Holotype 24.0 5.2 2.7 35.0 11.3 Kuranda 22.0 4.3 2.8 35.8 11.8 23.0 4.5 2.9 35.0 11.5 21.0 4.2 2.9 35.2 11.0 24.0 4.6 2.8 34.8 11.5 Daintree 23.0 4.5 2.9 37.5 11.8 Females Kuranda 28.0 5.1 3.5 40.0 14.5 14.0 26.0 5.0 3.4 40.0 11.5 14.2 29.0 5.2 3.5 43.3 12.2 14.0 26.0 5.1 3.5 38.7 11.8 13.7 28.0 5.2 3.7 42.2 12.4 13.5 hasenpuschae Males Holotype 20.1 3.6 2.4 30.0 10.0 Paratopotype 20.0 3.6 2.5 28.4 9.5 19.0 3.8 2.5 28.9 9.1 17.0 3.8 2.4 26.6 10.5 19.0 3.8 2.5 28.8 10.2 Females Paratopotype 31.4 5.0 3.5 44.3 14.0 13.5 26.7 4.8 3.5 41.0 13.2 13.3 28.7 4.9 3.3 40.8 11.5 12.3 27.0 5.0 3.4 42.3 12.4 12.4 Kingfisher Pk 22.8 4.1 3.1 39.0 12.1 12.3 Bluewater Ck 28.1 4.2 3.3 39.9 12.2 11.8 queenslandica Males Holotype 22.4 4.1 3.0 30.8 9.7 Claudie River 16.4 3.5 2.5 28.2 9.5 C. Tribulation 20.0 4.5 3.1 32.0 10.2 Kuranda 20.0 4.0 3.1 30.7 9.5 Females 9km Mt Tozer 24.4 4.3 2.7 37.6 12.5 12.4 Packers Ck 28.4 5.0 3.3 39.7 12.5 14.4 Iron Range 29.0 4.3 3.1 38.0 11.2 12.3 mecyna Holotype male 21.0 3.8 3.2 13.7 10.6 Female . Differs from male in following: supra-anal plate ovoid, with median carina, covering cerci and base of ovipositor; subgenital plate small, broadly triangular, sides undulating, with an internal ridge, apex indented. Ovipositor with base broadly expanded, lateral margins concave; valves heavily serrate on dorsal margin ( Fig. 6 A), ventral margin minutely serrate; sides of ovipositor valves with 4 minute carinae and tubercles. Colour . Pale green in life ( Fig. 1 ), thorax of some specimens with a darker green circular mark on metepisternum. Cells of tegmina each with a prominent darker green spot or not. Legs light green. Beaded area of ventral lobe of pronotum and occiputal carina and adjacent gena yellow. Specimens examined. Paratypes : Queensland: 12o43’S . 143o18’E . 1 km ENE. of Mt Tozer, nr. Iron Range Nat. Pk., 11.vii.1986 (D. C. F. Rentz, stop I-20, 1 female from pyrethrin fog, ANIC). 12o 43’S 141o 17’E . 5km ENE. of Mt. Tozer, Iron Range Nat. Park, Qld. 10.vii.1986 (D. C. F. Rentz, Stop I-12, 1 male, collected as nymph, matured 14.vii.1986 , Cytol. Prep. 86-101, Song recorded S-408, 1 female nymph, ANIC). 12o43’S 143o17’E . 9 km ENE. of Mt Tozer, Iron Range Nat. Pk, 7.vii.1986 (D. C. F. Rentz, 1 male , 1 female , ANIC). Iron Range, 26–31.v.1971 G. B. Monteith, 1 female , QUEN). Claudie Creek area, Claudie River Dist., 22–23.vi.1982 (M. A. Schneider, G. Daniels, 1 male , UQEN). Packers Creek, via Portland Rds, 6.xii.1985 (G. B. Monteith, D. Cook, 1 female , pyrethrin fog, QMUS). 16o48’S . 145o38’E . (GPS) Kuranda, 335 m elev., Top of the Range, 19 Butler Dr, 15–30.iv.2010 (D. C. F. Rentz, 1 male , ANIC). Kuranda, Black Mtn Rd, 12.iv.1989 (J. Hasenpusch, 1 male , QMUS). Cape Tribulation, 29.xii.1982 – 8.i.1983 (G. B. Monteith, 1 male , QMUS). Song. The song of this species is a continuous chirp uttered after dark. Each chirp consists of two pulses ( Fig. 7 ).