Bioacoustics of Tragulus napu

Breeding. The species is possibly polygynous; there is no distinct mating season and females give birth throughout the year in Peninsular Malaysia ; one or rarely two young are born. The gestation period is 152-155 days. Weaning occurs at 2-3 months. The young reach sexual maturity at 4-5 months, and maximum life span in captivity is reported to be up to 14 years. 1. napu was observed to stamp with one or both hindfeet when slightly alarmed. Other individuals would or would not stamp in response. Both males and females mark objects with the intermandibular gland. Males mark much more frequently than females. Males often lick the urine of females; less frequently, females lick the urine of males. Males court both receptive and unreceptive females. Courting males mark the female on the back or rump with the intermandibular gland and emit a series of squeaks. Females have a postpartum estrus and return to estrus at approximately 14day intervals unless they become pregnant. Females of 7. napu have the potential to be pregnant throughout adult life, often with only 85-155 minutes passing between giving birth and becoming pregnant again. The young are born fully developed, and they are able to stand after 30 minutes. Mothers spend little time with infants. They emit a vocalization that sounds like the squeak of courting males. Both mothers and infants emit a higher-pitched vocalization. Intense agonistic behavior was seen only when strange individuals were introduced into established groups. Males fight by facing each other and biting each other on the ears, neck, and shoulders with their large upper canines. Fighting males usually hold the tail in a vertical position, exposing the white ventral surface, and may emit loud growls. If one male flees, the other pursues and attempts to bite him on the neck and body.