Bioacoustics of Serpula dendrocalami

NOTES Wood-rotting fungi is an extensively studied group of Basidiomycota ( Gilbertson & Ryvarden 1987 ; Núñez & Ryvarden 2001 ; Bernicchia & Gorjón 2010 ; Dai 2012 ; Ryvarden & Melo 2014 ), but the Chinese wood-rotting fungi diversity is still not well known. This is especially the case for the subtropical and tropical zones, from which many recently described taxa of wood-rotting fungi were described ( Chen & Shen 2014 ; Zhao et al. 2014 ; Zhou 2015 ; Qin et al. 2016 ; Song et al. 2016 ). Serpula (Pers.) Gray ( Serpulaceae , Boletales ) is a genus typified by S.lacrymans (Wulfen)J.Schröt ( Gray 1821 ) , which is a small genus characterized by a combination of resupinate to effuse-reflexed, or pileate basidiocarps mostly with merulioid to poroid hymenophore, a dimitic hyphal system with clamp connections on generative hyphae,presence of skeletal hyphae in the context, clavate basidia and ellipsoid to ovoid, smooth, thick-walled, brownish, not or weakly dextrinoid, cyanophilous basidiospores, and all causing a brown rot ( Gray 1821 ; Bernicchia & Gorjón 2010 ). So far about 17species have been accepted in the genus worldwide ( Gray1821 ; Karsten1884 ; Schröter 1888 ; Cooke 1957 ; Ginns 1971 ; Mata & Ryvarden 2007 ; Bernicchia & Gorjón 2010 ). Recently, several molecular studies addressed the genus Serpula ( Binder & Hibbett 2006 ; Larsson 2007 ; Binder et al. 2010 ; Zhao et al. 2017 ). Binder & Hibbett (2006) suggested that the genus Serpula clustered into the Serpulaceae in Boletales where it grouped with Coniophora marmorata Desm. and Tapinella atrotomentosa (Batsch) Šutara. Larsson (2007) introduced a phylogenetic classification for corticioid fungi at the family level confirming that the genus Serpula was nested into the Boletales clade where it grouped with Coniophora olivacea (Fr.) P. Karst. and Pseudomerulius aureus (Fr.) Jülich. A few years later, Binder et al. (2010) included five species of Serpula in a study focusing on early branching clades in Agaricomycetidae . Again, these Serpula clustered with Leucogyrophana montana (Burt) Domański and T. atrotomentosa in the order Boletales . In their six-gene phylogenetic overview of Basidiomycota, Zhao et al. (2017) demonstrated that the type species of Serpula , S. lacrymans , clustered with Coniophora arida (Fr.) P. Karst. and Gyrodontium sacchari (Spreng.) Hjortstam in the Boletales . Species name Sample no. GenBank accession no. ITS nLSU References Pseudomerulius aureus FP 103859 GU187534 GU187590 Binder et al. 2010 Serpula dendrocalami C.L. Zhao , sp. nov. CLZhao 3111 MK863397 — Present study S. dendrocalami C.L. Zhao , sp. nov. CLZhao 3113 MK863398 — Present study S. dendrocalami C.L. Zhao , sp. nov. CLZhao 3136 MK863399 MK863391 Present study S. dendrocalami C.L. Zhao , sp. nov. CLZhao 3203 MK863400 — Present study S. dendrocalami C.L. Zhao , sp. nov. CLZhao 3318 MK863401 MK863392 Present study S. dendrocalami C.L. Zhao , sp. nov. CLZhao 3321 MK863403 MK863393 Present study S. dendrocalami C.L. Zhao , sp. nov. CLZhao 3447 MK863402 MK863394 Present study S. dendrocalami C.L. Zhao , sp. nov. CLZhao 3521 MK863408 — Present study S. dendrocalami C.L. Zhao , sp. nov. CLZhao 3607 MK863404 — Present study S. dendrocalami C.L. Zhao , sp. nov. CLZhao 3626 MK863405 MK863395 Present study S. dendrocalami C.L. Zhao , sp. nov. CLZhao 3632 MK863406 MK863396 Present study S. dendrocalami C.L. Zhao , sp. nov. CLZhao 4805 MK863407 — Present study S. himantioides MUCL 30528 GU187545 GU187600 Binder et al. 2010 S. himantioides RLG 12941 GU187547 GU187602 Binder & Hibbett 2006 S. incrassata DAOM 170590 GU187541 GU187595 Binder et al. 2010 S. incrassata MUCL 30791 HM135647 — Binder et al. 2010 S. lacrymans REG 383 GU187542 GU187596 Binder et al. 2010 S. lacrymans FPRL 12C AF335270 — Larsson 2007 S. lacrymans S7 — AM946629 Unpublished S. similis MUCL 43280 GU187546 GU187601 Binder et al. 2010 S. similis MUCL 43394 — AY491669 Unpublished S. tignicola CBS 311.54 GU187543 GU187597 Binder et al. 2010 Tapinella atrotomentosa 78.97 GU187549 GU187603 Binder et al. 2010 In our phylogenetic analyses ( Figs. 19-21 ), Serpula dendrocalami sisters to S. similis in the phylogeny with strong supports (100% BS, 100% BP, 1.00 BPP,) but the latter differs from S.dendrocalami by its smaller basidiocarps projecting up to 3 cm , 5 cm wide, 5 mm thick at centre ( Dai 2004 ) with pruinose or tomentose margin, the meruloid folded hymenium, and 1 mm thin context with numerous crystals that are not incrusting the hyphae, and smaller basidiospores measuring 4-5 × 3-3.5 Μm ( Ginns 1971 ). In addition, its habitat is linked to sandy soil. Two other species in the genus Serpula from China are similar to the new taxon: S. himantioides (Fr.) P. Karst. and S. lacrymans (Wulfen) J. Schröt. The former differs from S. dendrocalami by the membranaceous basidiocarps with smooth hymenophore and larger basidiospores, 9-12 × 5-6 Μm ( Bernicchia & Gorjón 2010 ), and grows on stumps of Picea or Pinus . Serpula lacrymans is separated from S. dendrocalami by its resupinate to effuse-reflexed basidiocarps with rhizomorphs, and larger basidiospores, 9-10.1 × 4.6-5.9 Μm( Dai 2004 , Bernicchia & Gorjón 2010 ) and grows on manufactured wood such as in old woody houses.