Bioacoustics of Russula latolamellata

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — China . Guangdong Province , Zhaoqing City, Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, on the ground in broadleaf forest, 13. IX. 2016 , J. W. Li, Y. Song K16091311 (GDGM 79562); 13.VII.2015 , J. W. Li, Y. Song K17071307 (GDGM 79563). DESCRIPTION Basidiomata Medium to large sized, agaricoid. Pileus 6-12 cm in diameter, hemispherical when young, becoming applanate with a slightly depressed center when mature; surface dry, cracking, tan, grayish to blackish brown, not easy to peel; margin entire or undulate. Lamellae Adnate, sparse, up to 8 mm broad, irregularly unequal, sometimes forked near stipe or at pileus margin, sometimes interveined; surface smooth, white, off-white to cream, tinged with reddish brown; lamella edge concolorous. Stipe 4-8 cm long, central, cylindrical, sometimes tapering upwards or downwards, longitudinally rugulose, white to off-white, becoming grayish white when old, turning reddish-brown to scarlet when bruised, solid or stuffed. Context White, becoming reddish-brown when bruised, turning yellowish-brown in reaction with 5% FeSO 4 . Odour Slightly unpleasant. Taste Mild. Spore print White. Basidiospores Subglobose to ellipsoid, [100/5/3] (5.9-) 6-6.8-7.4 (-7.5) × (4.9-) 5.1-5.8-6.5 (-6.9) µm, Q = (1.04-) 1.06-1.17-1.32 (-1.37); ornamentations amyloid, composed of low ridges, forming a complete reticulum; suprahilar spot inamyloid. Basidia 41-60 × 6-12 µm, clavate to narrowly clavate, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-spored, hyaline or containing oil droplets; sterigmata 4.8- 8.3 × 1.4-2.2 µm. Lamellar trama Composed of nested sphaerocytes measuring 18.5-55.5 × 17-43 µm and surrounded by connective hyphae. Pleurocystidia (35.5-) 38-62-83 (-91) × (4.5-) 6-7.5-10 µm, protruding up to 30 µm, narrowly clavate to narrowly cylindrical with obtuse or mucronate apices, thin-walled, with refractive contents, unchanging in SV. Cheilocystidia (34-)39-43-47(-51) × 4.5-5-6.5 µm, resembling pleurocystidia in shape but smaller in size, thin-walled, with refractive contents, unchanging in SV. Marginal cells Not differentiated. Pileipellis Composed of ascending to erect hyphae, orthochromatic in cresyl blue; hyphae 2-6 µm in width, cylindrical, septate, some with incrustation and brown dispersive pigments; terminal cells (8-)11-23-36(-38.5) × 2.5-4-6(-7.5) µm, usually cylindrical with obtuse apices and brown pigments, lageniform, clavate to cylindrical, some with short rostrate apicesor granular contents. Pileocystidia None found. Stipitipellis Composed of erect hyphae, 40-90 µm wide; hyphae 1.5-4 µm in width, narrowly cylindrical, septate; terminal cells (6.5-)13- 22-31(-39) × 2-4-6(-7.5) µm, thin-walled, usually hyaline, cylindrical to clavate with obtuse apices. Caulocystidia None found. Clamp connections Absent. NOTES Russula latolamellata Y.Song & L.H.Qiu , sp. nov. , morphologically resembles R. schaefferina Rawla & Sarwal , including pileus color and features of pileipellis, size and ornamentations of basidiospores and absence of both pileocystidia and caulocystidia, etc. However, it differs substantially from our species in its finely pruinose pileus with uncracking surface, thin and crowded lamellae, and further also by shape and size of pleurocystidia (85-98 × 10-14 µm), and cheilocystidia (35-50 × 9-13 µm), and the hollow stipe covered with ochraceous or brown depressed fibrillose scales ( Rawla & Sarwal 1983 ). When bruised, context of R. latolamellata Y.Song & L.H.Qiu , sp. nov. , directly becomes reddish brown without turning black first. Although all three specimens of R. latolamellata Y.Song & L.H.Qiu , sp. nov. , were collected from the broadleaf forest of DHSBR, several ITS sequences that have a sequence similarity of about 99% to that of R. latolamellata Y.Song & L.H.Qiu , sp. nov. , retrieved from soil in the pine and broadleaf mixed forest of DHSBR are available in GenBank, implying that the species may be common in DHSBR. Russula nigrocarpa S.Y.Zhou,Y.Song & L.H.Qiu , sp. nov. ( Figs 5 ; 6 ) MYCOBANK NUMBER. — MB 835727. HOLOTYPE . — China . Guangdong Province , Zhaoqing City , Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve , on the ground in broadleaf forest, 16.VII.2019 , S. Y. Zhou K19071603 ( GDGM 79720 ). ETYMOLOGY. — Named after its dark black pileus. DIAGNOSIS. — Mainly characterized by its dry, cracking, dark brown to dark black pileus, off-white lamellae, basidiospores with complete reticulate ornamentations, hymenial cystidia and pileocystidia of various forms with often forked apices, strongly glutinous pileipellis composed of hyphae usually with dark brown vacuolar pigments. HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION. — Solitary or gregarious in evergreen broadleaf forest. ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — China . Guangdong Province , Zhaoqing City, Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, on the ground in broadleaf forest, 5.V.2018 , J. W. Li, Y. Song K18050529 (GDGM 79721). DESCRIPTION Basidiomata Medium to large sized, agaricoid. Pileus 6-10cm in diameter,applanate to concave when mature;surface dry, dark brown to dark black; margin entire, turning slightly upward. Lamellae Adnate to slightly decurrent, sparse, 6 pieces of lamellae and lamellulae/cm at the margin of pileus, broad, unequal; surface off-white to cream or yellowish, becoming dark brown when bruised; gill edge concolorous, becoming dark brown to black when old (probably from drying out). Stipe 3-5 × 2.5-4 cm , central, cylindrical, sometimes tapering downwards, solid, off-white, becoming grayish white when mature, turning dark brown when bruised. Context White, becoming directly black when bruised without reddening first, 6-8 mm thick near stipe. Odour Unpleasant. Taste Not taken. Spore print White to cream. Basidiospores Subglobose to ellipsoid, [40/2/2] 4.3-4.8-5.4 (-5.8) × (3.4-) 3.7- 4-4.4 (-4.6) µm, Q = 1.10-1.19-1.28 (-1.35); ornamentations amyloid, composed of low ridges forming a complete reticulum; suprahilar spot inamyloid. Basidia (22-) 26.5-31-35 (-46.5) × 5-6.5-8µm, clavate to cylindrical, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-spored, with refractive contents; sterigmata 1.8-6 µm long. Lamellar trama Composed of nested sphaerocytes surrounded by connective hyphae. Pleurocystidia (31-) 35-41-52 (-58) × 3.5-5-6.5 µm, of various forms, narrowly cylindrical to slightly flexuose with obtuse, mucronate, moniliform, inflorescence-like or forked apices, thin-walled, with refractive contents, unchanging in SV. Cheilocystidia 25-29-35 × 3-4-5 µm, narrowly cylindrical to slightly flexuous with obtuse or rostrate apices, with refractive contents, thin-walled, unchanging in SV. Marginal cells Not differentiated. Pileipellis Composed of ascending to erect hyphae, strongly gelatinized, 150-220 µm thick, orthochromatic in cresyl blue; hyphae 2-6 µm wide, narrowly cylindrical, septate, often with dark brown pigments; terminal cells 12.5-17-22 (-25) × 2.5-4-6 (-7) µm, cylindrical to narrowly clavate with obtuse or slightly acute apices, some with dark brown pigments. Pileocystidia 16.5-25-33.5 × 2.5-4-5.5 µm, subclavate to cylindrical, apices mucronate to inflorescence-like, with refractive contents, thin-walled, unchanging in SV. Stipitipellis Composed of ascending to erect hyphae, 60-100 µm thick, gelatinous; hyphae 1.5-4 µm wide, narrowly cylindrical, septate; terminal cells (8-) 10-19-31 (-34) × 2.5-5-9 (-10) µm, cylindrical to narrowly clavate with obtuse apices, sometimes containing brown pigments. Caulocystidia (16.5-) 21-34-52 (-56) × 3.5-4.5-6 µm, thin-walled, cylindrical with obtuse or short rostrate apices. Clamp connections Absent. NOTES R. nigrocarpa S.Y.Zhou, Y.Song & L.H.Qiu , sp. nov. , is closely related to R. acrifolia in our multilocus phylogeny ( Figs 1 ; 2 ). The latter species differs from R. nigrocarpa S.Y.Zhou, Y.Song & L.H.Qiu , sp. nov. , in its viscid, grayish brown pileus, context that turns red then gray to black when bruised, much crowded lamellae and grayish brown stipe but, above all, in the much larger size (6.0-9.5 × 5.5-7.5 µm) of its basidiospores ( Çolak & Işiloğlu 2016 ). The exceptionally small size of the spores of R. nigrocarpa S.Y.Zhou, Y.Song& L.H.Qiu , sp. nov. , comparable to those of species in subg. Archaeae , was hitherto undocumented within subg. Compactae , making it impossible to confuse our species with any of the other Asian or northern hemisphere species in the same subgenus.