Bioacoustics of Raorchestes parvulus

( Figs. 3‒5 ) Specimens examined. Five adult males (KIZ 20160365‒20160367, KIZ 20160372, and KIZ 20160373) and a female (KIZ 20160374) collected on 26 April 2018 from Menglun Township ( 21°54'51.58"N , 101°10'2.68"E , 519 m elevation), Mengla County, Yunnan Province , China . Morphological description. Measurements are presented in Table 3 . Body size small (SVL 18.9‒21.2 mm ); HL ( 6.1‒6.9 mm ) shorter than HW ( 7.4‒7.9 mm ); snout rounded, a little shorter (SL 2.5‒2.8 mm ) than the diameter of the orbit (ED 2.6‒3.0 mm), but a little longer than IOD; canthus rostalis indistinct; loreal region concave; nostril oval, closer to tip of snout than to eye; IND ( 1.8‒2.1 mm ) narrower than IOD ( 2.2‒2.6 mm ), which broader than UEW ( 1.8‒2.2 mm ); IND almost equal to UEW ( 1.8‒2.2 mm ); pineal spot absent; pupil oval, horizontal; tympanum indistinct, tympanum diameter (TD 0.9‒1.1 mm ) smaller than half ED, half SL, and half IOD; supratympanic fold less distinct, curing from posterior edge of eye to shoulder; vomerine teeth absent; tongue notably notched posteriorly; a large external vocal sac. Forearm and hand length (FHL 9.6‒10.6 mm ) generally longer than half body size; fingers short, relative length of fingers: I <II <III <IV; tips of all fingers expanded into discs with circum-marginal and transverse ventral grooves, relative width of discs: I <II <III <IV; webbing absent; subarticular tubercles prominent and rounded, formula 1, 1, 1, 1; supernumerary tubercles absent; metacarpal tubercle indistinct; nuptial pad indistinct. Heels generally in touch when legs are folded at right angle to body; relative length of toes is I <II <III <V <IV; tips of toes expanded into discs with circum-marginal and transverse ventral grooves; webbed between toes, webbing formula: I2‒ 2II 1.5‒3.25 III2 ‒3.5IV3.25‒ 2V ; subarticular tubercles prominent, formula 1, 1, 2, 2, 1; supernumerary tubercles absent; a small inner metatarsal tubercle, oval; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; the tibiotarsal articulation reaches the posterior border of the eye. Numerous small white warts scattered on top and side of head, upper eyelids, dorsum, flanks, and dorsal surface of limbs; patch of white warts below the vent; throat and ventral part of thigh and tibia smooth; belly and lower surface of the upper arm granular; linea masculina presented in males, whitish. Coloration in life . Dorsal color pale brown or dark brown, with a dark triangular blotch covering part of interorbital area and occiput and a butterfly-like dark band on the back; two symmetric yellow blotches behind eyes on the back; each side of lumbar region with a dark blotch; arms and legs with more or less distinct dark bars; finger discs and toe discs greyish or faint yellow. Three specimens (KIZ 20160372‒20160374) have a light yellow mid-dorsal vertebral strip running from snout to vent and a light yellow strip along hind limbs, and these two strips cross at vent region; similar strips are absent in other three specimens (KIZ 20160365‒20160367). Ventral surface of body and limbs flesh-colored with white flecks and small dark spots, less so on the lower abdomen; iris brown. Coloration in preservative . In preservative, yellow faded. Dorsal surfaces of body and limbs greyish or brown, color pattern same as in life; ventral surfaces of body and limbs whitish obscured by many small brown spots and dark brown marblings. Habitat . In Yunnan , R. parvulus was found calling on bushes ( Fig. 6 ) and there was no pond nearby. Eggs were not observed.