Bioacoustics of Quilticohyla zoque

Description of the holotype . An adult male, SVL 36.4 mm , tibia length 20.9 mm ; tibia length/SVL 0.57; foot length 15.4 mm ; foot length/SVL 0.42; head length 12.7 mm ; head length/SVL 0.34; head width 12.8 mm ; head width/SVL 0.35; eye diameter 4.8 mm ; tympanum diameter 1.9 mm ; tympanum/eye 0.39. Snout in lateral view truncate, slightly rounded in dorsal view; canthus distinct and slightly angular; loreal region concave; lips moderately thick, not flared; nostrils protuberant; internarial distance 2.2 mm ; top of head flat; interorbital distance 4.3 mm . Supratympanic fold well developed, extending from posterior corner of eye above tympanum to point above insertion of forearm, covering upper edge of tympanum; tympanum distinct, rounded. Forearm moderately robust; ulnar tubercles unequally elevated. Prepollex ossified, large and blunt. Nuptial excrescences small and nonspinous, located on prepollical protrusion, inner and outer surface of Finger I, and dorsal surface of webbing between Fingers I and II; subarticular tubercles rounded, distal one on Fingers III and IV bifid; discs on fingers large, disc of the third finger slightly smaller than diameter of the tympanum; webbing formula II 1 ½— 3 III 2½— 2 IV ( Fig. 2 ). Heels overlapping when hind limbs adpressed at right angle to body; tibiotarsal articulation extending slightly beyond nostril; row of tubercles forming dermal ridge on the tarsus, extending from heel to disc of fifth toe; heel tubercle present; subarticular tubercles rounded; length of toes from shortest to longest 1-2-3-5-4; webbing formula I 1— 2 II 1½— 2 III 1— 2 IV 2 — 1 V ( Fig. 2 ). Toes moderately long; discs of toes about same size as those on fingers ( Fig. 2 ). Cloacal opening directed posteroventrally at midlevel of thighs with several curved folds below cloacal opening; cloacal sheath short; a few white tubercles below and lateral to vent. Skin on dorsum smooth; that of throat, chest, belly and ventral surface of thighs granular. Ventrolateral glands absent. Tongue cordiform with posterior notch; vomerine teeth five on right side, six on left, situated on small, elliptical elevations between ovoid internal nares. Vocal slits present on both sides. Table 2. Selected characteristics of all species of the genus Ptychohyla . Data of P. acrochorda were obtained from Campbell and Duellman (2000) , and the data of other species were obtained from Duellman (1963 , 2001 ). P. P. P. P. P. P. P. acrochorda dendrophasma erythromma euthysanota hypomykter legleri leonhardschultzei Distribution and Atlantic slopes of Sierra Northwestern edge of Pacific slopes of the Pacific slopes from West central Pacific slopes of the Pacific slopes Maximum SVL in males (mm) 36.6 84.1 ---- 37.3 35.4 36.7 35.1 Maximum SVL in females (mm) 57.6 Unknown 26.2 53.3 39.6 37 43.4 Iris coloration Whitish or silver with reddish brown reticulations Gold with black reticulations Red Reddish-bronze Dull grayish bronze Red Reddish bronze with fine black flecks or reticulations Ventrolateral glands Absent Absent --------- Well developed Well developed Well developed Well developed Chest gland Present Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Nuptial excrescences Dark keratinized nuptial excrescence of several hundred tiny spines Unknown --------- Cluster of about 44 to 143 small spines 35 to 66 sharply pointed spines Enlarged Cluster of 24 to 80 spines Dorsal coloration Lime-green with a small amount of indistinct pale brown mottling Reddish brown with indistinct dark brown smudging of mottlings Olive green to gray with irregular darker green blotches Reddish brown with small indistinct darker brown markings Yellowish tan with small irregular brown markings Reddish brown or dull olive-green Pale tan, yellowishbrown, or pale reddishbrown with irregular, darker brown blotches Labial stripe White fine on upper lip Absent Narrow discontinuous with line White line along the edge of the upper lip Fine on upper lip White stripe on upper lip Absent Flanks Reticulate pattern Whitish with brown markings Large white spots more or less confluent, bordered by irregular blackish spots White lateral stripe Marked by dark brown spots Creamy yellow stripe extend the length of the flank Creamy tan with irregular brown spots or mottling Tarsal fold Narrow, low, ex- tending full length of tarsus Dermal fold extends from the heel along the ventrolateral edge of the tarsus Fain present A low rounded extends the full length Distinct, low and rounded extend the full length of tarsus Low on the distal half of the tarsus Row of tubercles forms a indistinct fold Forearm Distinctly raised dermal ridge punctuated with enlarged tubercles Poorly developed dermal fold Inconspicuous dermal fold, but not enlarged tubercles A row of small tubercles Row of low tubercles Row of tubercles fused in some specimens into a low, thick dermal fold Low and rounded extends the full length of tarsus elevation Juarez , Oaxaca, México at the Sierra de los Sierra Madre del Sur southeastern México Guatemala to north- Sierra de Talamanca , of the Sierra Madre del 594 – 900 m elev. Cuchumatanes, of Guerrero at 700 – ( Chiapas and extreme central Nicaragua at eastern Costa Rica Sur in Oaxaca and Huehetenango, 950 m elev. Oaxaca ) and pacific 340 – 2070 m elev. and western Panamá Guerrero , Mexico at Guatemala at 1270 m slopes of Guatemala , at 700 – 1600 m elev. 700 – 2000 m elev. elev. Honduras and El Salvador at 600 – 1200 m elev. …continued on the next page In life, dorsum of head, body, forelimbs, and hind limbs green with brown blotches and numerous irregular white spots concentrated on posterior part of dorsum; well-defined white stripe along upper jaw; flanks mottled with irregular white spots on pale brown background; narrow white stripe on ventrolateral edge of forearm and hand, and on ventrolateral edge of tarsus and foot; brown stripe parallel to white stripe on forearm, extending onto Finger IV; similar brown stripe on tarsus. White stripe above cloacal opening; brown patch with a few small white spots below cloacal opening. Belly, chin, chest, and ventral surfaces of limbs white. Ventral surface of Finger IV, and webbing between Fingers III and IV, dark brown; and all ventral surface of foot, including webbing, dark brown. Iris pale pink with brown reticulations. Table 2. Continued P. macrotympanum P. panchoi P. salvadorensis P. sanctaecrucis P. spinipollex P. zophodes P. zoque Maximum SVL in males (mm) 38.8 34.2 34.9 32.5 39.1 37.4 36.4 Maximum SVL in females (mm) 44.8 37.3 41.8 50.7 46.1 43.6 57.8 Iris coloration Redish-bronze Deep reddish orange Copper color with fine black flecks Pale tan, almost white with fine brown markings Cooper in male, and chocolate in female Reddish brown to cooper with fine black reticulations Pale pink with brown reticulations Ventrolateral glands Well developed Barely evident Absent Absent Absent Well developed Absent Chest gland Absent Absent Absent Present Absent Absent Absent Nuptial excrescences Small horn spines (94- 100) Moderately large, pointed, keratinous spines Large, pointed, keratinous spines A patch of minutes pointed, keratinous spines Large, pointed, keratinous spines More than 50 keratinized spines Small, nonspinous Dorsal coloration Pale tan with dark flecks Grayish tan to dark brown with darker gray or darker brown mottling on dorsum Mottled green (male) and brown (female) Lime green with scattered pale green dots or olive-green dots to brown with a lichenous pattern of dark brown Mottled shades of olive green in males and brown dorsum with darker brown mottling with or without white flecks Dark brown to dull greenish brown with or without irregular dark brown to black mottling Green with brown blotches and numerous irregular white spots concentrated on posterior part of dorsum Labial stripe A thin white line extends the length of upper lipe Present Narrow white stripe on upper lipe Thin pale Absent ------ White fine line on upper lipe Flanks No lateral stripe White ventrolateral stripe Mottled silvery white and dark brown Purplish band with flecks A stripe with diffuse edges along the flank is cream anteriorly and yellow posteriorly White with black mottling or brown Mottled with irregular white spots on pale brown background Tarsal fold Weak on distal two thirds of tarsus Distict, no row of tubercles Weak present distally on tarsus Weakly developed Weak Wide, low and extends about three-fourths of the length of the tarsum Row of tubercles forming a dermal ridge Forearm Distribution and elevation Dermal fold, but no row of tubercles Northern slopes of the Chiapan highlands in Mexico and the Sierra de los Cuchumatanes in Guatemala. Also in the upper Grijalva Basin in Chiapas, Mexico and Guatemala at 700 – 1700 m elev. A row of elevated tubercles Northern slopes of the Sierra de las Minas and Montañas del Mico in eastern Guatemala at 100 – 895 m elev. A row of low tubercles fused into a nearly continuous fold Pacific versant from northwestern El Salvador to south central Honduras and southeastern Guatemala. Also along the Atlantic versant near the Continental divide in southwestern Honduras at 1440 – 2050 m elev. Low of elevated tubercles forming a distinct ridge Sierra Santa Cruz in eastern Guatemala at 366 – 1150 m elev. Row of elevated tubercles along the ventrolateral edge of the forearm forms a distinct ridges Cordillera Nombre de Dios in north-central Honduras at 160 – 1580 m elev. A distinct dermal ridge punctuated with enlarged tubercles on the ventrolateral edge Atlantic slopes of northern Oaxaca and southern Puebla at 400 – 1500 m elev. Ulnar tubercles unequally elevated Southern Mexico in Oaxaca and Veracruz at 76 – 600 m elev. Variation. Marked sexual size dimorphism is evident, with a ratio of sexual dimorphism of 1.52, and females attaining the greater SVL ( Table 1 ). Variation in body measurements among four males and five females is summarized in Table 1 . Two males (CARIE 1138, 1216) and three females (MZFC, 18667, 24005; CARIE 1215) lack the scattered white spots on dorsum; additionally, one male (CARIE 1135) and two females (MZFC 24006; CARIE 1215) have a concentration of black spots along the edge of the lower lip, and UTA A 59271 have concentrated brown spots on the chin and chest that are absent in the other specimens. Variation in vomerine teeth is as follows: 5/7 (MZFC 18667); 5/4 (MZFC 24005); 6/5 (MZFC 24006); 6/6 (UTA-A 59271); 4/5 (CARIE 1135); 5/7 (CARIE 1138); 4/5 (CARIE 1215) and 4/5 (CARIE 1216). Advertisement call. The description of the advertisement call is based on one male (SVL = 36.1 mm ) recorded at 0 140 h on 4 May 2014 , when it was calling on a leaf at 92 cm above ground, over a quiet pool next to a stream, in the locality of Arroyo Zarco, Uxpanapa, Veracruz ( 17° 11.46’ N , 94° 29.30’ W ; 216 m elevation). The advertisement call of P. zoque is very soft and difficult to hear because of noise produced by other species of frogs (mainly Exerodonta bivocata ), insects, and the stream. It consists of two notes with different structure ( Fig. 3 ); in some cases the first note is immediately followed by the second, but in some instances the notes seem to be emitted independently. The first is a short, pulsed note ( n = 9), with a mean number of pulses of 9.6 ± 4 (range 3–14), mean pulse duration 0.008 ± 0.003 s (range 0.005–0.011), mean interpulse interval 0.015 ±. 0 0 7 s (range 0.005–0.027), mean dominant frequency 2516.9 ± 103.5 Hz (range 2325.6–2670.1), and mean note duration 0.249 ± 0.136 s (range 0.043–0.395). The second note is shorter than the first, and is not pulsed (n= 8), it has a mean dominant frequency 2024.1 ± 220.8 Hz (range 1808.8–2497.8), and a mean note duration 0.01 ± 0.003 s (range 0.005–0.013).

Distribution and ecology. Ptychohyla zoque occurs in evergreen tropical forest, and is known from three localities in southern Mexico in the Selva Zoque, two in southern Veracruz (Paso del Moral and Arroyo Zarco) and one in northeastern Oaxaca (Chalchijapa) ( Fig. 4 ). Known elevational range is 76–600 m asl. Seven of the nine specimens that comprise the type series plus 20 additional specimens not collected ( 18 adult males, one adult female, and one juvenile) were observed at night, on branches or leaves at 20–228 cm above ground, and close to streams. Exceptions from this pattern were the female from Chalchijapa (MZFC 18667), which was sleeping on a leaf at 0 830 h near a stream, a male from Paso del Moral (CARIE 1135), which was found on the ground at 1504 h near a stream, and a juvenile of undetermined sex (not collected), which was on a leaf at 1730 h, approximately 30 m away from the nearest stream. Twenty-five of the 29 frogs were found in the dry season (March-May), whereas only four were observed in the beginning of the rainy season (June-July). All males had well developed nuptial excrescences regardless of month collected. An amplexing pair (CARIE 1215 and 1216 ) was collected in Arroyo Zarco, and was held overnight in a plastic bag, where 341 eggs were deposited a few hours later. Although all males appeared to be in breeding condition, only two observed on 11 March and 4 May 2014 in Arroyo Zarco, were calling from perches on leaves 228 and 92 cm above the ground, respectively. Ptychohyla zoque is sympatric with other species of amphibians including Agalychnis moreletii , Anotheca spinosa , Incilius macrocristatus , I. valliceps, Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni, Craugastor alfredi , C. berkenbuschii , C. loki, Eleutherodactylus leprus, Duellmanohyla chamulae , Exerodonta bivocata , Hypopachus ustus , Rhinella horribilis , Smilisca baudinii , S. cyanosticta, Lithobates vaillanti, Bolitoglossa alberchi, B. rufescens and B. veracrucis . The new species is relatively common in the evergreen tropical forests, being more abundant than other members of the family Hylidae such as Duellmanohyla chamulae , Agalychnis moreletii and Anotheca spinosa , but less abundant than Exerodonta bivocata and anurans in other families represented by Craugastor berkenbuschii and Incilius macrocristatus . This species appears to be sensitive to anthropogenic forest degradation, since it has been observed only in undisturbed evergreen tropical forest sites ( Fig. 5 A and B), but not in altered environments ( Fig 5 C and D) such as cattle pastures, rubber plantations and secondary forests (Aguilar- López, 2010 ).