Bioacoustics of Pteronotus (Pteronotus) davyi

DISTRIBUTION: Known from Nicaragua and Costa Rica in Central America; northern Colombia and northern Venezuela in South America; and the islands of Guadeloupe, Dominica , Martinique, Saint Lucia, Grenada , Trinidad , and Curaçao in the Lesser Antilles (fig. 1). P. d. davyi has also been reported based on a single individual (unvouchered to our knowledge) and acoustic data from three islands of Coiba National Park (Coiba, Jicarón, and Ranchería Islands), on the Pacific coast of Republic of Panama ( Ibáñez et al., 1997 ; Estrada-Villegas et al., 2018 ), but it is absent in the continental area of Panama , which suggests a disjunct distribution for this subspecies. NATURAL HISTORY: P. d. davyi occurs in tropical forests, woodlands, and swamps mostly at low elevations (below 400 m ), showing an intimate association with dry forest and xeric shrubland habitats ( Adams, 1989 ; Pavan, 2019 ). It usually forages over water and near vegetation and prefers roosting in large and warm caves, which is frequently shared with other mormoopids, phyllostomids, and natalids ( Pavan, 2019 ). Several bat species have been reported in coexistence with populations of P. d. davyi along its geographic range, most notably Pteronotus fuscus , P. paraguanensis , Mormoops megalophylla , Artibeus jamaicensis , Sturnira angeli , Brachyphylla cavernarum , Monophyllus plethodon , Leptonycteris curasoae , Glossophaga longirostris , Phyllostomus hastatus , Anoura geoffroyi , Carollia perspicillata , Noctilio leporinus , Molossus molossus , Natalus stramineus , and N. tumidirostris ( Goodwin and Greenhall, 1961 ; Genoways et al., 2001 ; Molinari et al., 2012 ; Lenoble et al., 2014 ), Pteronotus d. davyi is sensitive to ambient temperatures lower than 15° C and usually maintain a high body temperature in warm environments ( Bonaccorso et al., 1992 ).