Bioacoustics of Proceratophrys boiei

Comparison with other species (characteristics of other species are in parentheses) . The absence of a rostral appendage distinguishes Proceratophrys boiei from P. appendiculata , P. belzebul , P. gladius , P. itamari , P. izecksohni , P. laticeps , P. mantiqueira , P. melanopogon , P. moehringi , P. phyllostomus , P. pombali , P. sanctaritae , P. subguttata , and P. tupinamba (rostral appendage present). The presence of palpebral appendages distinguishes Proceratophrys boiei from P. ararype , P. bagnoi , P. branti , P. carranca , P. concavitympanum , P. cristiceps , P. cururu , P. dibernardoi , P. goyana , P. huntingtoni , P. korekore , P. minuta , P. moratoi , P. redacta , P. rotundipalpebra , P. salvatori , P. strussmannae , P. velhochico , and P. vielliardi (palpebral appendages absent). The presence of a single palpebral appendage distinguishes Proceratophrys boiei from P. rondonae and P. schirchi (multi-cusped palpebral appendages). The absence of postocular swellings distinguishes Proceratophrys boiei from P. avelinoi , P. bigibbosa , P. brauni , and P. palustris (postocular swellings present). The pattern of vermicular or rounded spots, predominantly small or large circles on the ventral region of P. boiei , distinguishes it from P. paviotti (irregular spots on the ventral region). The advertisement call of Proceratophrys boiei has 32–71 pulses / call, which differentiates the species from P. paviotti (26–32 pulses / call) and P. renalis (13–30 pulses / call).

Comparison with other species (characteristics of other species are in parentheses) . The absence of a rostral appendage distinguishes Proceratophrys fryi from P. appendiculata , P. belzebul , P. gladius , P. itamari , P. izecksohni , P. laticeps , P. mantiqueira , P. melanopogon , P. moehringi , P. phyllostomus , P. pombali , P. sanctaritae , P. subguttata , and P. tupinamba (rostral appendage present). The presence of palpebral appendages distinguishes Proceratophrys fryi from P. ararype , P. bagnoi , P. branti , P. carranca , P. concavitympanum , P. cristiceps , P. cururu , P. dibernardoi , P. goyana , P. huntingtoni , P. korekore , P. minuta , P. moratoi , P. redacta , P. rotundipalpebra , P. salvatori , P. strussmannae , P. velhochico , and P. vielliardi (palpebral appendages absent). The presence of a single palpebral appendage distinguishes Proceratophrys fryi from P. rondonae and P. schirchi (multi-cusped palpebral appendage). The absence of postocular swellings distinguishes Proceratophrys fryi from P. avelinoi , P. bigibbosa , P. brauni , and P. palustris (postocular swellings present). The pattern of vermicular or rounded spots, predominantly small or large circles on the ventral region of P. fryi , distinguishes it from P. paviotti (irregular spots on the ventral region). The advertisement call of Proceratophrys fryi has 28–97 pulses / call, differentiating it from P. paviotti ( 0.012 –0.015 pulses / s) and P. renalis (13–30 pulses / call), and has 42.87–57.93 pulses / s, differentiating it from P. renalis (61.50–86.09 pulses / s). Proceratophrys fryi differs from P. boiei by having a larger mean SVL in males ( 51.5 mm and 50.0 mm, respectively) and genetic distances of 2.7 % for 16 S and 6.2 % for Cytb . In addition to the differences mentioned above based on analyses conducted in the present study, the tadpoles of Proceratophrys fryi ( Pezzuti et al. 2021 ) differ from those of P. boiei ( Izecksohn et al. 1979 ) by lacking the small fleshy projection on the medial margin of the nostrils, by having fewer submarginal papillae on the oral disc (usually 2–3 vs. 4 or more), by presenting a slightly more robust tail musculature with a more acutely pointed tip, and by lacking the pair of dorsal dark brown spots at the origin of the tail musculature reported for P. boiei . At the cytogenetic and molecular levels, the NOR develops on submetacentric pair 8. Furthermore, Bayesian and maximum likelihood reconstructions with three genes ( 16 S , cytochrome b , and RAG- 1) from populations throughout the distribution of P. boiei recovered three distinct lineages ( Amaro et al. 2012 ). Proceratophrys fryi belongs to lineage N 1.