Bioacoustics of Phyllodytes amadoi

Diagnosis. A small species, SVL = 21.7–23.0 mm in females (n = 2) and 15.6–21.5 mm in males (n = 18) characterized by 1) dorsum of body, arms and legs light brown or greenish with small, irregular brown patches; 2) presence of a narrow brown stripe on canthus rostralis; 3) a wide brown stripe extending from the corner of the eye to the flanks; 4) snout short, rounded in dorsal view and vertical in profile with a small apical tubercule; 5) two big, widely separated and five small odontoids on both sides of mandible; 6) one–three carpal and one tarsal tubercules; 7) venter with tubercules in six distinct rows, tubercules in two middle rows significantly greater than in second and third and 8) advertisement call composed by a series for multipulsed notes with 13–17 notes per call with mean of 14.5 ± 4.3 pulses per note, call duration 2.99– 4.106 s and dominant frequency ranging between 3789.8–4306.6 Hz. Comparisons with other Phyllodytes species. The dorsal colour pattern distinguishes Phyllodytes amadoi from P. maculosus (pale brown with irregular distinctive cream stains), from P. brevirostris , P. edelmoi , P. megatympanum , P. kautskyi and P. luteolus , (immaculate), from P. wuchereri (longitudinal stripes), from P. gyrinaethes (variable marbled dorsal pattern), and from P. punctatus and P. tuberculosus (distinctive brown dots). Size (SVL) of P. amadoi is smaller (21.7–23.0 mm in females and 15.6–21.5 mm in males) than any other Phyllodytes species but the size of bigger individuals overlaps with P. punctatus ( 18.2–22.8 mm , n = 10; Caramaschi & Peixoto 2004 ), P. tuberculosus (24.0–26.0 mm, n = 2; Bokermann 1966 and 21.1–25.8 mm , n = 10; Caramaschi & Peixoto 2004 ), P. melanomystax (20.0– 26.6 mm , n = 45; Caramaschi et al . 1992), P. luteolus ( 15–24 mm , n = 186; Ferreira et al . 2012 ) and P. megatympanum ( 21.3–23.7 mm , n = 4; Marciano-Jr et al . 2017 ). The other species are larger: P. acuminatus (23.0– 24.5 mm , n = 2; Bokermann 1966 ), P. brevirostris (22.0–24.0, n = 4; Peixoto & Cruz 1988), P. edelmoi ( 23.5–28.7 mm , n = 20; Peixoto et al . 2003), P. gyrinaethes ( 23.9–27.9 mm , n = 20; Peixoto et al . 2003), P. maculosus ( 39.7–48.5 mm , n = 3; Cruz et al . 2006), P. kautskyi ( 38–43.5 mm ; n = not specified; Cruz et al . 2006), and P. wuchereri ( 25.1–27.1 mm , n = 5; Caramaschi et al . 2004 ). Rounded snouth in dorsal view distinguishes Phyllodytes amadoi from P. acuminatus , P. megatympanum , P. luteolus , and P. wuchereri (acuminate) and P. melanomystax (truncate). Truncate snout in profile separates P. amadoi from P. acuminatus , P. brevirostris , P. edelmoi , P. gyrinaethes , P. luteolus , P. megatympanum , P. tuberculosus , and P. wuchereri (acute or protruding). Phyllodytes maculosus , P. kautskyi , P. melanomystax , and P. punctatus also have truncate snout in profile. Phyllodytes amadoi has two large anterior odontoids, similarly to P. acuminatus , P. maculosus , P. megatympanum , P. gyrinaethes , P. luteolus , P. tuberculosus , and P. wuchereri , while P. edelmoi , P.kautskyi , and P. punctatus have only one larger odontoid, and P. brevirostris and P. melanomystax have no large odontoid. The venter with tubercules in distinct rows separates P. amadoi from P. melanomystax , P. kautskyi , and P. maculosus (venter evenly granular without highlighted tubercles).

Natural History. Specimens were always spotted during the night, and males called from terrestrial and small epiphytic bromelids at 1.5–2.0 m height on the trunks of large trees in a regenerating forest along a small stream known as Rio Pimenta. The species appeared to be locally abundant during the three visits to the area. The type locality in the municipality of Una is located inside Ararauna farm, which covers an area of 100 hectares, of which 40 have been converted into a private reserve of natural heritage. The Biological Reserve of Una, with more than 18,000 hectares, one of the largest conservation units in the region, is located nearby in the same municipality, but to date the new species has not been reported from this reserve. Advertisement call. A total of 17 calls from two specimens (MZUESC 14954 holotype; SVL = 20 mm and MZUESC 14955, SVL = 20 mm ) were recorded on 7th of October 2015 at 19 h 30 min with air temperature 22.6°C. The advertisement call of Phyllodytes amadoi is composed of 13–17 (14.5 ± 1; n = 17) pulsed notes ( Fig. 5 ). Call duration is 2.99–4.106 s (3.41 ± 0.28; n = 17) and it is emitted in intervals of 41–68 s (53.4 ± 8.5; n = 15), resulting in a call rate of 1.19 call/min. Notes last 0.008–0.119 s (0.043 ± 0.021; n = 247) with 3–21 (14.5 ± 4.3; n = 247) pulses per note and internote intervals of 0.137–0.285 (0.204 ± 0.02; n = 230). Pulse repetition rate is of 368.37 ± 86.6 pulses/s (151–625; n = 247). As a general pattern, an increase in pulse number in each note can be perceived through each call, the first notes always being shorter than the last ones. During the second half of the call (5–7 final notes) the 1–4 initial pulses are more interspaced from the rest of the note ( Fig. 5C ). The dominant frequency of the call is 3789.8–4306.6 Hz (3962 ± 192.6; n=17) and of notes 2411.7–4306.6 Hz (3758.4 ± 405.7, n=247). The dominant frequency along the notes varies, but the lowest values (around 2411.7– 2756.2 Hz) are in the first three notes. Phyllodytes amadoi !"! " # $ % & # " & ! ’ ( ’ " & " ( # ’ (# # % !"!( % # $ " ) " # ) ’ $ ’ $ ! &) " # # # ’ # # " !"!! $) $ # $ % # $ & ( ’ ’ # ) & & $ & % " & #! !"!$ ’# # ) # % ’ # " " ’ ’ ) (# $ " ’ " " ( (& # % !"!" " $ ) $ &) # & ’ ’ & ’) ’ % & " $ #) ’ & # % !"$# " # ) & % # # " $ ’ ) ’ $ % $ " ’ ") ’ # # & !"$’ ’# # )! & % # ( ’) $ ’ & ’ % % % % ") ($ # % !"$( ’ $ & $ " # ( $ ’ $ " (( $ $ # # ! ! # !"$! ’# # & % ’ $ ’ ( % ’ $ ’ % & " $ # # ’ & # % !"$$ ’# # ) $ & $ # $ ’ ’ & ’) " # % & " % (’ # % !"$& * ’ & &) % ’ ( & ’! ’ (# ’ " $ # # ( ! # % !"$% ’# $ & # % ) ’! ) ’ & ! " ’ " & # $ ! $ # % !"$" * ’(# & ( % % % ’! % (’ ’ # # # ’ ’ ! " # !")# " $ & # & ( # " ) ’ ) ’ $ # " ’ " # # $ ($ # % +,+ + ­ ’# &) & # $ & ) & $ % ( ’! $ & & " ’ " $ ’ # #) +,+ + ­ ’# &) ’# $ ) $ & " # ’ # ’ ’ " ’ $ ’ " ( " # # ’ % # & *./!"’" ’ $ & # %! # $ ’ ( % ’ & % ") # # ! (& # " *./!"(# ’# # ) ’ & % # & ’ ’ $ ’ $ ( " $ " & # ( ($ # ,­0"!%! ’ # ) $ % # # " & ’ ’ & ’ & ’ " $ " ’ ($ # % ,­0"!%$ ’ # & # & & " ’! & ’) $ " " % #) (( # & " " 1 ) ) $%1 #) & & 1 # & # 1 # ) 1 # ’ ’ 1 # ’ ) 1 # ’ ’) 1 # ’ (1 # " # 1 # " "! 1 # & #! 1 # " (1 # % 1 # 2 $)3 ’(#4 2$ #3&)4 2$ %3" #4 2# "3 (4 2 (3’ #4 2 &3’)4 2 ’3 "4 2’ ’3((4 2 #3 %4 2) &3 $4 2& $3 #4 2& %3 ’ ’4 2" &3! "4 2#!3 #4 Bioacoustic comparisons with other species. Of the 12 recognized species in the genus, only three have no available bioacoustic data ( Phyllodytes brevirostris , P . maculosus and P . punctatus ). The advertisement call of P. amadoi is more similar to the call of P . wuchereri ( Cruz et al . 2014 ; Magalhães et al . 2015 ), P . tuberculosus ( Juncá et al . 2012 ) , P . edelmoi ( Lima et al . 2008 ) , P. gyrinaethes ( Roberto & Ávila 2013 ) , and P . luteolus ( Weygoldt 1981 ) because all of them consist of a series of pulsed notes. The advertisement call of P. amadoi differs from the call of these other species due to its higher dominant frequency (3.789–4.306 Hz in P . amadoi vs 1.490–3.520 Hz in the other species), except for P. luteolus , with a dominant frequency between 2 to 6 kHz according to literature ( Weygoldt 1981 ). Call duration, between 2.9– 4.1 s in P . amadoi is shorter than in P . tuberculosus , P . edelmoi and P . luteolus (4.28– 9.35 s ) and longer than in P . gyrinaethes (1.3– 2.3 s ). The advertisement calls of P. acuminatus ( Campos et al . 2014 ) , P. kautskyi ( Simon & Gasparini, 2003 ) , P. megatympanum ( Marciano-Jr et al. 2017 ) and P . melanomystax ( Nunes et al . 2007 ) are unpulsed.