Bioacoustics of Oreobates

Ichnocnema – Lynch & Schwartz (1971) Oreobates – Caramaschi & Canedo (2006) Type species: Oreobates quixensis Jiménez de la Espada, 1872: 87 . Lectotype : MNCN 1708 (formerly 330). The genus Oreobates includes small to mediumsized frogs (SVL of males, 20–44 mm ; of females, 25–63 mm ) with the following characters: snout short; sexual dimorphism in size; cranial crests absent; body robust; limbs moderately long; skin of venter smooth; skin on dorsal surfaces from smooth to tuberculate; skin of plantar surfaces smooth (not considering plantar tubercles); axillary and/or inguinal glandular pads present; discoidal fold conspicuous; dorsolateral folds rudimentary or absent; males with faint or absent nuptial pads, vocal slits present, and vocal sac absent; tympanic membrane and annulus conspicuous; finger I longer or equal to finger II; finger tips usually rounded with reduced, or absent, disc structure, when present only on fingers III and IV, and always with incomplete circumferential grooves and a poorly defined ungual flap; supernumerary and subarticular tubercles present, prominent, subconical to conical, on smooth plantar surface; toe V equal or slightly shorter than toe III, not reaching distal subarticular tubercle of toe IV (condition B sensu Lynch & Duellman, 1997 ); toes lacking discs; webbing absent; no tubercles on heel or tarsus; subarticular tubercles prominent and conical, supernumerary tubercles either absent or few, and round to prominent and conical; dorsal coloration overall brown, with an occipital W-shaped dark mark, an x-shaped mid-dorsal dark mark, and a broad and oblique dark band at the anterior margin of the flanks; dentigerous process of the vomers short, prominent, almost at the level of choanae or between them; mandibular ramus of the trigeminal nerve passing lateral to the m. adductor mandibulae externus (S condition sensu Lynch, 1986 ); reproductive mode by terrestrial eggs with direct development (mode 17 of Duellman & Trueb, 1986 ); advertisement call consisting of pulsed notes (4–32 pulses), and with low dominant frequency (2000–3800 Hz) ( Padial et al ., 2008 ). The genus Oreobates includes 14 species: O. choristolemma , O. cruralis , O. discoidalis , O. granulosus , O. heterodactylus , O. ibischi , O. lehri , O. madidi , O. quixensis , O. sanctaecrucis , O. sanderi , O. saxatilis , O. simmonsi , and O. zongoensis .