Bioacoustics of Odontophrynus cultripes

Description. The species was well characterized by Cochran (1955) , Savage and Cei (1965) , and Cei (1980) , which makes unnecessary a redescription. Color in life. The following description was based on color photographs of an adult male from Araponga, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil (MZUFV 6669), and another from Viçosa, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil (not collected). Dorsal ground color grayish green. A weak thin dorsal black to blackish brown Y-shaped mark is discernible from each upper eyelid to near the posterior edges of parotoid glands, bordered and defined on outside by broad reddish cream bands of similar width and extension. A reddish cream mid - dorsal pin stripe is visible over the sacrum. Parotoid, temporal, and postorbital glands reddish brown, each one delimited by a black edge; other minor glands and enlarged warts orange to greenish brown with or without black edgings. Flank marked by a broad reddish cream dorsolateral stripe from the parotoid gland to near the groin. Head highlighted by the anterior border of the dorsal Y-shaped mark, which outlines a V-shaped interocular reddish cream bar with dark brown edges. Snout marked by the presence of two blackish brown stripes from upper lip to nostrils, and posteriorly until reaching the anterior corner of eyes, delimiting a cross-shaped mask filled with dorsal background color. Three to four other blackish brown perpendicular stripes were present on the upper lip, a pale one placed in the midpoint between nostril and anterior corner of eye, and the remaining three from anterior to posterior corners of eye, on a cream to somewhat orange background. Arms and legs with irregular light to dark brown crossbars, which become less distinct proximally. Tibial gland reddish brown. Forearms with a well developed orange longitudinal glandular stripe. Belly grayish white; throat greenish brown. Sole of foot and tarsus dark gray, with light gray tubercles. Superior and inferior surfaces of iris white, marbled with thin black reticulations; anterior and posterior surfaces black; a thin vertical black stripe divides the eye, the lower half larger than the upper half, which may be absent. Color in preservative. Dorsum of head, body, and limbs brownish or olive-brown; a cream interorbital bar; sides of head light brown with two dark brown blotches, one below and the other in front of the eye; two distinct cream stripes on the body sides, running obliquely downward from the tympanic area nearly to groin; a short middorsal whitish-cream line on the sacrum; arms and legs with irregular light and dark brown crossbars, becoming less distinct proximally; glands and enlarged warts brown with some black edging. Undersurfaces uniformly cream; throat of males grey to dark brown. Advertisement call. The following description is based on the advertisement calls of two males from the Municipality of São Tomé das Letras, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil . The call (fig. 2 A–D) is composed by one multi-pulsed note. Four main energetic bandwidths (sidebands) are distinguishable in the audiospectrogram (fig. 2 A, D), due to the pulsatile nature of the call. Pulses with the highest energy peaks arise in the first half of note (fig. 2 C, D). Detailed descriptive statistics are given in Table 1 . For comparisons with other species of the O . cultripes group, see the O . monachus sp. nov. advertisement call description below. FIGURE 2. (A) audiospectrogram, (B) oscillogram, (C) oscillogram of the first note, and (D) power spectrum of the advertisement call of Odontophrynus cultripes from the Municipality of São Tomé das Letras, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil . Air temperature 14o C. Tadpole. The tadpole was described and figured by Savage and Cei (1965) and Cei (1980) . Karyotype. The karyotype was described and figured by Beçak et al. (1967 , 1971 ), Beçak and Beçak (1974) , Ruiz and Beçak (1976) , and Ruiz et al. (1981) . Geographic distribution and ecological remarks. The geographical distribution of O . cultripes is mapped in fig. 3. Odontophrynus cultripes mainly inhabits environments of altitudes higher than 800 m a.s.l. ( 800–999 m : 61.4% of the total number of localities, n = 67;> 1000 m : 19.3%; 600–799 m : 15.8%; 500–599 m : 3.5%). The southern limit of the species distribution is defined by the southern sector of the Serra da Mantiqueira mountain range; the eastern limit is defined by the Serra do Espinhaço mountain range, except by three samples located in the northern sector of the Serra da Mantiqueira mountain range. From its southernmost to northernmost distribution limits (Central Brazilian Plateau), O . cultripes is distributed through a series of plateaus and mountain chains in the states of Minas Gerais and Goiás (Serra da Canastra, Planalto Central Brasileiro, Planalto Centro Sul de Minas, and Patamares and Serras do Rio São Francisco; see Alvarenga et al . 1997 for definition of Brazilian relief units). Most known populations of O . cultripes are under a Cwa type of Köppen’s climate classification (humid and sub-humid mesothermic climate) and less frequently under a Cwb or Cfa types . The north-westernmost known population samples of the species are located in the Cerrado biome (see Rizzini 1979 for definition of “Cerrado”), whereas southernmost samples are in the Tropical Atlantic Forest biome, inhabiting seasonal semi-deciduous forests (known as interior forests; see Silva & Casteleti 2005 for distribution and characterization of the Tropical Atlantic Forest sub-regions). We do not have ecological data from all geographic samples, but O . cultripes may be associated with semideciduous or deciduous forest borders within the Cerrado biome, as occurs to O . carvalhoi within the Caatinga biome (see below). Bahia, Brazil ), O . cultripes ( São Tomé das Letras, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil ), and O . monachus ( holotype , Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil ). Values are: mean ± standard deviation (range; sample size). n , number of specimens analyzed. Temporal parameters of the call in seconds. Frequencies in kilohertz (kHz). Values in bold indicate main differences among species.