Bioacoustics of Kalophrynus misbahulmuniri

Kalophrynus misbahulmuniri sp. nov. has an overlapping body size with K. calciphilus , K. intermedius , K. palmatissimus , and K. punctatus , but can be differentiated from those species by the presence of inguinal spot in most specimens (vs. absent).Additionally, the new species differs from K. calciphilus by having smaller subarticular tubercles on the hand and foot [vs. larger: Dehling (2011) ]. From K. intermedius , the new species differs by the fifth toe projecting as far as the third toe in females (vs. fifth toe not projecting as far as third). From K. palmatissimus and K. punctatus , the new species differs from those species by webbing on the fourth toe usually reaching the middle subarticular tubercle or slightly less (vs. webbing on the fourth toe webbed to the distal subarticular tubercle in K. palmatissimus and below the proximal subarticular tubercle in K. punctatus ). The new species also has an overlapping body size with K. heterochirus , K. honbaensis , K. limbooliati , and K. yongi , but, respectively, the new species can be differentiated from these species as follows: from K. heterochirus by the presence of black inguinal spot (vs. white-bluish) and portion of fourth finger projection from palm longer than terminal phalange of third finger (vs. shorter); from K. limbooliati by the portion of fourth finger projection from palm longer than terminal phalange of third finger (vs. shorter); from K. yongi by the absence of nuptial pad (vs. present); and from K. honbaensis by the absence of finger webbing (vs. present). Call characteristics. A male paratype ( MZB Amph 32720) was collected from the field and brought to a room. Six calls of the specimen were recorded at distances of approximately 0.5–1 m at an air temperature of 24.0°C on 22 April 2022 . Call consists of two types of pulsed note series ( Fig. 13A ), sounding to the human ear like “krek…. krek….krek... krek..krek..krek..krek..krek” with duration of call 1.56− 13.89 s (mean 5.066 ± SD 4.645), inter call interval 0.920 –1.681 s (mean 1.262 ± SD 0.386), and dominant frequency 1378–2756 Hz (mean 1600 ± SD 322.402). The interval between the two types of note series was 0.753 –12.663 s (mean 3.600 ± SD 5.120). Note series I ( Fig. 13B ) consist of 1–3 notes, with 2–6 pulses, duration of note series 0.023 −1.998 s (mean 0.471 ± SD 0.773), pulse duration 0.005 −0.038 s (mean 0.017 ± SD 0.008), inter-pulse interval 0.000 −0.018 s (mean 0.002 ± SD 0.005), pulse period 0.010 −0.026 s (mean 0.016 ± SD 0.004), pulse rate 39.141 −103.041 s (mean 67.886 ± SD 16.452), and dominant frequency 1378.125−2239.453 Hz (mean 1531.25 ± SD 138.29). Note series II ( Fig. 13C ) consists of 3−9 notes, with 2–7 pulses, duration of note series 0.377 −2.541 s (mean 1.37 ± SD 0.937), pulse duration 0.004 −0.037 s (mean 0.015 ± SD 0.007), inter-pulse interval 0.000 −0.017 s (mean 0.002 ± SD 0.004), pulse period 0.008 −0.026 s (mean 0.015 ±SD 0.003), pulse rate 38.458 −119.357 s (mean 68.538 ± SD 15.133), and dominant frequency 1378.125−2756.250 Hz (mean 1618.764 ±SD 364.146). Call comparisons. The call of Kalophrynus misbahulmuniri sp. nov. differs from K. baluensis , K. barioensis , K. limbooliati , K. meizon , and K. yongi by the well-pulsed note (vs. unpulsed note). The call of new species differs from K. minusculus by consisting of 2−7 pulses (vs. only two pulses), and a higher dominant frequency, 1378−2239 Hz (vs. 516–689 Hz). The call of new species differs from K. cryptophonus , K. dringi , K. interlineatus , K. nubicola , and K. puncak by consisting of a series of notes (vs. a single note). Additionally, the call of new species differs from K. cryptophonus and K. interlineatus by having a higher dominant frequency, 1378−2239 Hz (vs. 900−1200 in K. cryptophonus , 660−820 Hz in K. interlineatus ). The call of new species differs from K. calciphilus by having two types of note series (vs. a single type of note series) and consists of 2−7 pulses (vs. only consisting of 7 or 8 pulses). Kalophrynus misbahulmuniri sp. nov. Kalophrynus minusculus Student's t-test Characters Males (n=7) Females (n=5) Males (n=11) Females (n=4) P-value Mean±SD Range Mean±SD Range Mean±SD Range Mean±SD Range Males Females SVL 29.6±1.6 26.9–31.8 36.1±2.4 32.8–38.5 26.0±1.7 23.1–29.2 30.8±1.5 29.3–32.3 0.000* 0.005* RHL 28.9±0.7 28.1–29.9 28.9±0.4 28.3–29.1 28.6±0.6 27.3–29.4 30.5±0.5 29.8–30.8 0.472 0.002* RHW 32.5±0.4 32.0–33.1 31.5±0.3 31.0–31.8 30.5±0.6 29.5–31.5 32.5±0.7 31.5–33.0 0.000* 0.053 RED 12.0±0.2 11.7–12.2 11.5±0.4 11.1–11.9 11.6±0.6 10.6–12.6 12.5±0.3 12.3–12.9 0.046* 0.002* RSL 11.0±0.1 10.8–11.2 10.6±0.3 10.2–10.9 11.4±0.4 10.5–11.9 11.6±0.3 11.2–11.9 0.011* 0.001* RSNL 2.9±0.1 2.7–3.0 3.5±0.2 3.2–3.8 3.1±0.3 2.8–3.9 4.4±0.3 4.1–4.7 0.008* 0.002* RNEL 7.5±0.2 7.3–7.7 7.1±0.4 6.7–7.8 7.9±0.3 7.5–8.5 7.9±0.7 6.9–8.4 0.001* 0.107 RIND 7.2±0.5 6.1–7.6 7.1±0.3 6.7–7.5 7.6±0.5 6.8–8.2 7.6±0.3 7.2–7.9 0.093 0.031* RICD 16.1±0.2 15.8–16.3 15.3±0.3 15.0–15.6 16.0±0.7 15.0–17.0 16.1±0.6 15.4–16.8 0.666 0.049* RIOD 13.4±0.2 13.0–13.6 12.5±0.4 12.0–12.9 12.9±0.5 12.1–13.7 13.2±0.2 13.1–13.4 0.015* 0.009 RUEW 6.7±0.3 6.1–7.0 7.4±0.3 7.1–7.8 8.1±0.6 6.7–9.0 7.7±0.5 7.2–8.4 0.014* 0.373 RTD 8.3±0.2 8.1–8.5 8.2±0.3 8.0–8.7 7.8±0.4 7.4–8.5 7.7±0.2 7.5–7.9 0.001* 0.021* RLAL 47.9±0.7 46.9–48.6 49.0±1.8 47.8–52.1 49.7±0.5 49.1–50.5 50.1±0.8 49.1–50.8 0.000* 0.245 RHAL 22.8±0.6 21.8–23.7 22.2±0.3 21.8–22.6 24.2±0.9 23.3–25.9 24.0±0.8 23.0–24.7 0.002* 0.017* RFin1L 6.3±0.3 5.8–6.7 6.7±0.3 6.4–6.9 6.9±0.4 6.2–7.7 6.7±0.5 6.0–7.1 0.004* 0.981 RFin2L 8.0±0.3 7.5–8.3 7.0±0.3 6.6–7.4 7.7±0.2 7.4–8.1 8.2±0.5 7.7–8.7 0.030* 0.008* RFin3L 13.7±0.6 13.1–14.5 12.5±0.2 12.2–12.7 13.6±0.4 12.6–14.1 14.2±0.5 13.8–14.9 0.598 0.001* RFin4L 6.1±0.2 5.8–6.4 5.9±0.3 5.4–6.1 7.3±0.5 6.5–7.9 7.2±0.5 6.7–7.9 0.000* 0.006* RFML 46.7±0.4 46.2–47.2 45.1±0.4 44.7–45.8 43.5±1.0 42.5–46.4 46.8±0.5 46.2–47.2 0.000* 0.001* RTBL 41.6±0.9 40.6–42.8 39.9±1.1 38.9–41.5 40.3±0.9 39.0–42.3 41.9±0.8 40.8–42.7 0.010* 0.018* RTL 25.4±0.6 24.5–26.0 23.8±1.3 22.0–25.5 24.5±0.7 23.6–25.8 25.5±0.3 25.2–25.8 0.011* 0.054 RFL 38.1±0.6 37.3–39.0 36.5±0.7 35.8–37.5 38.3±1.1 36.9–40.9 39.9±0.1 39.7–40.1 0.655 0.000* RHLL 151.8±1.9 149.8–155.0 145.3±2.9 141.5–148.9 146.6±3.3 143.0–155.5 154±1.2 152.4–155.3 0.001* 0.002* RToe1L 4.8±0.3 4.2–5.1 5.7±0.3 5.3–6.1 5.5±0.4 4.8–6.0 5.4±0.2 5.3–5.7 0.000* 0.133 RToe2L 7.3±0.2 7.1–7.5 8.1±0.2 7.8–8.4 7.8±0.4 7.0–8.3 7.7±0.5 7.1–8.2 0.002* 0.157 RToe3L 11.6±0.3 11.2–12.1 11.7±0.5 11.2–12.3 10.9±0.7 10.0–12.4 11.7±0.5 11.2–12.2 0.015* 0.924 RToe4L 19.6±0.5 18.6–20.1 19.6±0.6 19.0–20.4 19.5±0.8 18.4–20.8 21.3±0.8 20.7–22.5 0.808 0.011* RToe5L 9.3±0.4 9.0–10.0 8.4±0.4 8.0–9.0 9.7±0.5 9.2–10.5 10.9±0.1 10.8–11.0 0.071 0.000* Tadpoles. Unknown.