Bioacoustics of Hyperolius marmoratus

Nearly 40 taxa were previously placed in the synonomy of H. marmoratus (Frost 2021) . The type locality is Kwa- Zulu-Natal, which agrees with the clade here assigned to H. marmoratus . Sequences were available from South Africa , Zimbabwe , eSwatini , and Mozambique . The minimum uncorrected p- distances from other clades were 4.0–6.1% ( Table 2 ). Names applied to the sequences in this clade include H. viridiflavus , H. v. broadleyi , H. v. swynnertoni , H. v. marmoratus , H. v. taeniatus , H. v. verrucosus , H. v. albofasciatus , H. marmoratus , H. m. marmoratus , H. m. taeniatus , and H. swynnertoni . This clade occurs from the south coast of South Africa , to eSwatini , Zimbabwe , Malawi and Mozambique ( Fig. 5 ). See Table 3 for synonym localities. The following extralimital taxa were removed from the synonymy of H. marmoratus and placed as synonyms of H. parallelus : Hyperolius vermiculatus Peters, 1882 (from Angola ); Hyperolius plicifera Bocage, 1893 (after Perret, 1976 ); Rappia rhodoscelis Boulenger, 1901 (from the DRC ); Hyperolius nossibeensis Ahl, 1931 (from Angola ); Hyperolius decoratus Ahl, 1931 (from Angola ); Hyperolius microstictus Ahl, 1931 (from Angola ); Hyperolius marungaensis Ahl, 1931 (from Angola ); Hyperolius latirostris Laurent, 1943 (from the DRC ); Hyperolius melanoleucus kandoensis Laurent, 1943 (from the DRC ); Hyperolius fuliginosus Laurent, 1943 (from the DRC ); Hyperolius marmoratus epheboides Laurent, 1957 (from the DRC ); Hyperolius marmoratus alborufus Laurent, 1964 (from Angola ); Hyperolius fuelleborni Ahl, 1931 types from Songwe, Miramba, Rungwe, and Lumbira in Tanzania ( types of Hyperolius fuelleborni Ahl, 1931 from Papya Island, Malawi are retained in H. marmoratus ); Hyperolius nyassae Ahl, 1931 (from Tanzania ). The following taxa were removed from the synonymy of H. marmoratus and placed as synonyms of H. glandicolor : Hyperolius asper Ahl, 1931 (after Wieczorek et al . 2000 ); Hyperolius marmoratus campylogrammus Laurent, 1951 , which occurs north of the range of the H. marmoratus clade. Hyperolius lestagei Laurent, 1943 (from the DRC ) was removed from the synonymy of H. marmoratus , which does not occur in the DRC , and placed as a synonym of H. marginatus . Hyperolius marmoratus mafianus Laurent, 1961 was removed from the synonymy of H. marmoratus and placed as a synonym of H. mariae , which occurs north of the H. marmoratus clade. Hyperolius marmoratus Rapp, 1842 , was described from KwaZulu-Natal Province , South Africa . Only one clade extends along the east coast of South Africa , and this clade is assigned to Hyperolius marmoratus ( Fig. 5 ). The localities of types now regarded as junior synonyms of H. marmoratus are listed in Table 3 . The range of this species has expanded southwards to Cape Town and its environs due to multiple introductions ( Bishop 2004 , Tolley et al . 2008 ). The most common pattern elements in the descriptions of the types included in H. marmoratus are dorsal marbling (25%), and a pale lateral band (25%), followed by small black speckle or spots (19%), and a pale vertebral band (19%). The percentages are not additive, as patterns may be shared. Pickersgill showed how the colour patterns intergrade along the South African coast (2007: 384–385). An advertisement call from Chimanimani (no voucher) is a brief whistle ( 0.06 s ) with an emphasised frequency of 2608 Hz; a call from Gqeberha (no voucher) is a whistle ( 0.1 s ) showing a slight rise in frequency, at an emphasised frequency of 2608 Hz. Calls from Howick (no vouchers) are long, rising whistles, 0.13 s , at an emphasised frequency of 2583–2928 Hz.