Bioacoustics of Gastrotheca antoniiochoai

Variation. The two males are smaller than the single female. Both males show well-developed, tan nuptial pads. The three juveniles are like the juvenile paratype by having dark bars on the limbs ( Figure 1 E). Moreover, in juveniles the tan stripe originating from the nares extends dorsolaterally to the midbody (only to the eyes in adults), and increases in width posterior to the tympanum, with an interruption at the point of arm insertion. In all juveniles the iris is reddish-bronze (bronze in adults) with black reticulations, the canthus rostralis is reddish-bronze, and the throat, chest, and belly are white. In adults all ventral surfaces are homogeneously gray-brown or beige with numerous minute black melanophores. The dorsum in one male (MUSM 27945) is pale beige, whereas the other male (MUSM 27948) has a golden-beige dorsum, and the female (MUSM 27949) has a darker, almost brown, dorsum. All adults have minute dark brown and green flecks from the interorbital region posteriorly to the sacral region. Character Sex MHNC MNCN 0 0 68 42013 s u b a d u lt juvenile female M U S M 27944 male M U S M 27948 male M U S M 27949 female M U S M 27945 juvenile M U S M 27946 juvenile M U S M 27947 juvenile Snout-vent length Tibia length 27.8 18.8 15.1 9.7 27.0 14 26.8 13.2 32.5 16.5 14.2 7.0 14.1 7.0 13.4 6.8 Foot length 13.3 8.2 13.0 12.4 17.1 6.3 6.0 5.9 Head length Head width 7.5 5.6 8.9* 6.6* 9.0 9.1 8.9 8.8 10.3 11.8 5.1 4.6 4.8 4.6 4.5 4.6 Eyelid width — — 2.4 2.0 2.7 1.3 1.3 1.3 Interorbital distance Eye diameter 2.3 1.8 2.6** 2.0** 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.9 3.5 3.4 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.9 1.5 Internarial distance 1.8 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.8 1.1 1.0 1.0 Eye-nostril Orbit-jaw 2.8 2.2 — — 2.5 1.5 2.3 1.4 2.7 1.7 1.5 0.5 1.5 0.5 1.4 0.5 Nostril-jaw — — 2.1 1.8 2.4 0.9 1.0 1.0 Tymp. diameter Thumb length 1.5 0.9 — — 1.6 4.2 1.3 3.9 1.6 5.8 0.8 2.1 1.0 2.1 0.8 2.2 Third finger length — — 8.3 8.0 10.1 4.5 4.6 4.4 Finger III disc width — — 1.3 1.1 1.6 0.9 0.9 0.9 * reported as “head: 8.9 (6.6)” in De la Riva & Chaparro 2005 **reported as “eye length” in De la Riva & Chaparro 2005 Vocalization and notes on reproduction. We analyzed the call of male MUSM 27948 ( n = 15 calls, T = 20.0ºC). The advertisement call consisted of a long note 544.8 ± 27.5 ms (range 412–601 ms) in duration with 33.6 ± 1.9 pulses (range 26–38 pulses) and one, two, or three single-pulsed, short secondary notes 21.3 ± 1.8 ms (range 17–22 ms) in duration ( Fig. 2 ). The average call frequency was 32.2 ± 6.4 calls/minute (range 18– 40 calls/minute) and call length was 603.3 ± 70.3 ms (range 377–674 ms). The long note overall had little frequency modulation, and the fundamental frequency ranged between 2544–2968 Hz (median 2915 Hz). The dominant frequency in short notes was 1749–3445 Hz with maximum call energy between 3180 and 3445 Hz (median 3286 Hz). The average interval between long and short notes was 218.0 ± 22.8 ms (range 192–277 ms). A male (MUSM 27948) and a female (MUSM 27949) were found inside the same bromeliad, and this male repeatedly attempted to mate with the female when placed in the same plastic bag after capture. The female contained six eggs ~ 6.5 mm in diameter in her lateral brood pouches ( Figure 1 C, D). This female was maintained in captivity for several weeks in a bromeliad filled with water, but the eggs slipped out of the pouches and did not complete development. Based on the small number and relatively large diameter of eggs, we suspect this to be a direct-developing Gastrotheca . Direct-developing species usually have fewer than 40 eggs 5–10 mm in diameter, whereas species that deposit tadpoles in water after they hatch usually have more than 70 eggs less than 4 mm in diameter ( Duellman & Köhler 2005 ; Duellman et al. 2001). This is the second Peruvian Gastrotheca known to possess paired lateral brood pouches; the other is G. zeugocystis (Duellman et al. 2004) .