Bioacoustics of Diasporus majeensis

FIGS 11 , 14C, D Holotype SMF 97293 (original field number AB 1030 ), an adult male ( Fig. 11 ) collected by Abel Batista & Konrad Mebert on the top of Cerro Chucantı, at Maje mountain range , Rıo Congo Arriba, Distrito de Chepigana , Darien , Panama , on 2 December 2012 at 20:35 h ( 8.79936 N , 78.46156 W ; 1380 m a.s.l. ). Paratypes MHCH 2832 – 39 , SMF 97655 – 60, with same collection data as the holotype . Diagnosis: Diasporus majeensis sp. nov. is characterized by the following combination of characters ( Figs 11 , 14C, D ; Table 1 ): (1) dorsal skin smooth with small dispersed warts, ventral skin smooth; (2) only lower part of the tympanic annulus barely visible, tympanic membrane absent; (3) snout Dorsal color Ventral color Species SVL Ungual flap pattern pattern DF (kHz) Distribution D. anthrax * 16.5 – 18.7 Palmate to Dark or Black with white 3.81 North-western rounded, or blackish flecks Ecuador and Colombia expanded D. tigrillo * 16.8 – 17.5 Spadate Yellow to White, granules on No data Alto Lari, SE Costa Rica, orange venter with base 300 – 400 m a.s.l. greyish D. citrinobapheus 19 ƚ 1.41 Palmate to Yellowish Almost transparent 2.86 – 3.04 Western Panama, 680 – 790 m a.s.l. (17.3 – 21.8) rounded, or spadate D. darienensis 18.1 ƚ 2.13 Palmate to Reddish, with or Reddish or small 3.57 ƚ 0.33 Serranıa de Pirre and Jingurudo- sp. nov. (14.9 – 22.9) rounded, or without black speckles (3.34 – 3.81) Sapo, Darien, Panama, 869 – spadate reticulations 1169 m a.s.l. D. aff. diastema , 19.2 ƚ 2.78 Palmate to Yellowish White with dark spots 3.3 ƚ 0.16 Lowlands of central and western CWP (14.6 – 27.7) rounded, or (3.2 – 3.5) Panama spadate D. aff. diastema , 19.8 ƚ 3.11 Palmate to Yellowish White with dark spots 3.1 ƚ 0.2 (3 – 3.4) Serranıa de Maje, Panama MM (16 – 24.5) rounded D. aff. diastema , 21.3 ƚ 1.82 Palmate to Yellowish White with dark spots 3.3 ƚ 0.12 Lowlands of eastern EPL (18.3 – 25.2) rounded, or (3.2 – 3.5) Panama spadate D. gularis 22.1 ƚ 1.75 Palmate to Pale brown with Cream with brown No data Lowlands of western Colombia and (20.4 – 23.9) rounded, or vague stippling on throat north-western Ecuador spadate markings D. hylaeformis 20.3 ƚ 1.51 Palmate to Suffused with Translucent, suffused No data Serranıa de Talamanca Costa Rica (16.9 – 23.1) rounded pink or red with yellow or red and Panama, 1500 – 2500 m a.s.l. D. igneus 26.1 ƚ 0.5 Palmate to Brownish with Yellow 2.4 Western and eastern slopes (25.5 – 26.6) rounded yellow to of Cerro Santiago, Panama, above orange 1500 m a.s.l. reticulations D. majeensis 21.5 ƚ 2.64 Palmate to Reddish, with or Unpigmented venter 2.47 – 2.71 Top of Cerro Chucantı, Panama, sp. nov. (15.3 – 25.5) rounded, or without 1400 m a.s.l. spadate reticulations D. pequeno 19.3 ƚ 2.38 Lanceolate to Brown, cream, Venter translucent, 3.44 – 3.48 Serranıa de Darien, sp. nov. (16.9 – 24.8) papillate with dark with a dark speckle Panama, above 472 m a.s.l. reticulations and sky blue spots D. aff. quidditus 14.5 ƚ 1.44 Lanceolate to Brown Brown 4.81 ƚ 0.14 Eastern Panama and north-western (11.5 – 17.9) papillate (4.55 – 5.08) Colombia, above 100 m a.s.l. Panama , , north-western to Panama 800 – , to Colombia up Rica, Costa to Rica central Costa Darien , Sapo s l.. a . Panama in, l a. s ,.. in s. a l.. , Silencio a s l... . a. l m 2 . , s 1220 – Distribution Cerro m 1169 Eastern Colombia m 1350 1880 m del Valle m 2550 South-western Panama ) kHz ) DF ( No data 0.19 3.5 ƚ 3.14 3.71 ( – 2.50 2.61 – 4.6 0.3 ƚ 5.1) 4.35 ( – suffused spots red white in spots color , orange with and dark Ventral pattern Translucent with red Brown to White males in with females Brown Dorsal color pattern red Uniform Grey Red to pink with Pigmented dark mottling areas light and. flap to or, to to frequency Ungual Palmate rounded spadate Lanceolate papillate Spadate Lanceolate papillate dominant, DF . 2.86 ƚ 29.1 ) – 1.55 ƚ 20.4 ) – 1.89 ƚ 24.7 ) – 1.46 ƚ) 17.2 literature SVL 22.6 (18.8 17.3 (14.6 22.8 (20.2 14.4 (12 – from Table. 6 Continued Species nov sp D. . sapo . tinker . D D ventrimaculatus .. D vocator obtained Information * rounded in dorsal and profile view; (4) conical supraocular tubercle or cranial crests absent; (5) dentigerous processes of vomers with between one and four teeth each, straight in outline, in frontal to the orbit; (6) vocal sac small, but with visible longitudinal gular folds, vocal slits present, situated beside the tongue, from the middle side of the tongue to near the junctions of jaws, no nuptial pads; (7) finger II longer than finger I, ungual flap mostly expanded, rounded, more evident on fingers II – IV; (8) no fringes or webbing on fingers; (9) palmar tubercle ovoid, flattened, and slightly larger than thenar tubercle; thenar tubercle low and elongate; subarticular tubercles rounded and globular, first tubercle more evident; one or two supernumerary tubercles, palmar accessory tubercles small and rounded; (10) heel smooth; (11) no fringes or webbing on toes, ungual flap slightly expanded to rounded, more evident on toes II – V; (12) plantar tubercle indistinguishable, subarticular tubercles present (one on toes I and II, two on toes III and V, and three on toe IV), first tubercle more evident; small and rounded supernumerary tubercles; inner metatarsal tubercle elongated; outer metatarsal tubercles conical and smaller than inner; tarsal ridge absent; (13) dorsal ground color in life brown to reddish, some specimens with dark reticulations on a reddish background color, venter translucent, vocal sac same color as venter ( Fig. 14C – D ); (14) SVL 21.5 ƚ 2.64 (15.3 – 25.5, N = 15), males 19.9 ƚ 2.1 (15.3 – 21.8, N = 9), females 23.9 ƚ 1.22 (22.3 – 25.5, N = 6); (15) advertisement call composed of a single, amplitudemodulated short note with duration of 0.01 – 0.02 s , and with the DF ranging between 2.47 and 2.71 kHz ( Fig. 6 ; Table 2 ). Description of the holotype An adult female (SVL 20.90), with slender body; dorsal skin smooth with small dispersed warts, ventral skin smooth, discoidal fold not evident; eye 1.30 times longer than snout; tympanum small, ratio TD/EL 21%; only lower part of the tympanic annulus barely visible, tympanic membrane absent, positioned 2 mm behind orbit; head slightly wider than long (HL/HW 0.85), greatest head width between angles of jaw 38% of SVL; snout rounded from above and in profile; nares situated near tip of snout and slightly dorsolaterally directed, visible in frontal view, and also visible dorsally but not ventrally; canthus rostralis rounded; loreal region feebly concave; dentigerous processes barely visible, in frontal of the orbit of eyes in a straight outline, each with four teeth; vocal slits absent; tongue long (20% of SVL) and broadening to the end, first third attached to floor of mouth; hands moderate in size, 23% of SVL; relative lengths of adpressed fingers I <II <IV <III; finger II smaller than finger VI, finger II reaching the base of disc on finger IV when adpressed; finger III disc 1.6 times wider than distal end of adjacent phalanx; palmar tubercle low and rounded, larger than thenar tubercle; thenar tubercle low and elongate; subarticular tubercles rounded and globular; no supernumerary tubercles; palmar and plantar accessory tubercles small and rounded; no nuptial pads; no fringes on fingers; hindlimbs of moderate lengths, TL 46% of SVL; relative lengths of adpressed toes I <II <III <V <IV; when adpressed, tip of toe I reaches the last third of distal phalanx of toe II; disc of toe IV slightly expanded, 1.3 times wider than distal end of adjacent phalanx; no fringes on toes; subarticular tubercles present (one each on toes I and II, two on toes III and V, and three on toe IV), first subarticular tubercles more visible than the rest; inner metatarsal tubercle ovoid; outer metatarsal tubercles rounded, slightly pointed, and smaller than inner; tarsal ridge absent; hands and feet without webbing; finger and toe discs slightly triangular; ungual flap expanded, even, rounded; pads globular in profile ( Fig. 7B ). Coloration of holotype in life Holotype (SMF 97293, Fig. 11 ) recorded as follows: iris light orange yellow (7) with middle area light Pratt’s rufous (71); dorsal ground color chestnut (30) with peach red (70) areas in the occipital, flanks, and lumbar region; a spectrum red (67) interorbital band, bordered posteriorly by a sepia (286) band; axilla and groin slightly pigmented with chestnut (30); limbs same as dorsum; ventral areas translucent slightly pigmented with sepia (286); ventral part of fingers and toes dark carmine (61). Coloration in preservative Dorsal ground color burnt sienna (38) with flesh ocher (57) areas in the occipital, flanks, and lumbar region; interorbital band flesh ocher (57), groin and venter light buff (2), ventral surfaces of limbs light orange yellow (7). Measurements of holotype (mm) SVL 20.90; HL 6.53; HW 7.68; IOD 2.21; EL 2.97; TD 0.62; FL 8.41; TL 9.51; HAL 4.79; 3FW 0.47; 3FD 0.75; 3TW 0.47; 3TD 0.65; 4TW 0.42; 4TD 0.53; BW 6.77 (for variation of the species, see Table 1 ). Vocalization The calls produced by one specimen ( SMF 97658, environmental temperature 18.5 °C; 3 December 2012 , 18:19 h) were analysed. The call consisted of single, short, monophasic notes that are reminiscent of a ‘whistle’ ( Fig. 6 ). Note duration is 0.01 – 0.02 s , with an interval between calls of 2.67 – 6.02 s and a call rate of 12.32 calls/min; the low frequency was 2.38 – 3.03 kHz, the high frequency was 2.85 – 3.14 kHz, and the first harmonic contains the dominant frequency at 2.47 – 2.71 kHz . Natural history This species is found in the eastern Panamanian montane forest ( Fund & Hogan, 2012 ) of the Maje mountain ranges ( Fig. 1 ). Cloud forest in this area has vegetation consisting predominantly of trees covered with moss and a large variety of understory bromeliads ( Werauhia spp. and Guzmania spp. ). At night, D. majeensis sp. nov. was found 0.5 – 2.0 m above ground on tree bark in bromeliad foliage. During the daytime, individuals were found hiding between bromeliad leaves. At the top of Cerro Chucantı, males were calling during the end of the rainy season (December). The recorded male was observed calling between dry bromeliad leaves 1.5 m above ground. The diet is not known, but as with other Diasporus it is likely to eat small crickets, cockroaches, ants, and isopods ( Batista, 2009 ). Etymology The species name is derived from the name of the mountain range, Maje, where the holotype was found, with the Latin suffix - ensis donating a place or locality.