Bioacoustics of Bomarea globosa

Notes:— Sequential flowering ( Fig. 2D ) makes the inflorescence resemble a drepanium. In some cases, it is possible to find mature flowers and immature fruits in the same inflorescence ( Fig. 1B ). The fruit capsule measurements are approximations based on close-up photographs of Fig. 1B , since there were no ripe unopened fruits in the available collections. Bomarea globosa differs from other similar members of Bomarea based on its leaf shape, perianth pubescence, openness at anthesis, and floral morphology ( Table 1 ). However, the most important difference between B. globosa and both B. campanularia and B. obovata Herbert (1837: 112) is the degree of floral openness at anthesis: the flowers of B. globosa are widely open but nearly closed for B. campanularia and B. obovata ; also, clear differences are found in their inflorescence configuration, being simple and dense for B. globosa and B. campanularia , whereas compound and widely spaced for B. obovata . B. globosa B. campanularia B. spissiflora Leaf shape Falcate Lanceolate to narrowly ovate or elliptical Lanceolate to ovate Leaf base Asymmetrical, attenuate Symmetrical, attenuate to round Symmetrical, round Leaf pubescence None Sparsely white-hirsute on nerves beneath None Leaf wide (cm) 1.5–2.2 2.5–4.5 3.5–6 Petiole size (cm) 1.0–1.4 0.5–0.8 0.4–1.3 Perianth pubescence None Sparse, white-brown Dense, red Sepal-petal ratio Sepal shorter than petals Sepals longer than petals Sepals equal to petals or slightly shorter Sepal horn Vestigial Ecornute Vestigial to distinct but short Sepal color Red externally and yellow internally Pink to orange Red with dark spots outside distally Petal external pattern Red midvein None Sometimes few spots near apex Distribution Northern Ecuador (Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas and Pichincha) Southern Ecuador (El Oro, Loja) and Northern Peru (Huancabamba) Southern Ecuador (Morona Santiago and Zamora Chinchipe) Bomarea globosa has previously been misidentified as B. spissiflora Harling & Neuendorf (2003: 44) because of its glabrous leaves, as well as its short, dense inflorescence. However, flowers of B. globosa are campanulate versus infundibuliform in B. spissiflora . Bomarea globosa has falcate leaves, whereas leaves of B. campanularia are lanceolate to narrowly ovate versus lanceolate to ovate in B. spissiflora . Involucral bracts are absent in B. globosa , differentiating it from B. campanularia , B. obovata , and B. spissiflora , in which they are present. Also, the perianth of B. globosa is glabrous, whereas it is whitebrown hirsute in B. campanularia and densely red hirsute in B. spissiflora . Bomarea globosa has only been found on the northwestern Andean slopes of Pichincha and Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas , whereas B. campaularia and B. spissiflora occur from the south-western ( El Oro and Loja ) and south-eastern ( Morona Santiago and Zamora Chinchipe ) Andean slopes of Ecuador , respectively. Bomarea campaularia also occurs in northern Peru (Huancabamba Province). There has been inconsistent use of bract terminology in previous Bomarea treatments. Bracts are defined as modified leaf-like structures located at the base of a flower or inflorescence ( Beentje 2016 , Harris & Harris 2006 ) and can be categorized according to their position on the inflorescence; involucral bracts are modified leaves subtending the peduncle, and bracteoles are (usually) much smaller modified leaves subtending the pedicel ( Song et al. 2024 ). Harling & Neuendorf (2003) differentiated bract terminology based on inflorescence configuration. They used involucral bracts and bracteoles for describing simple inflorescences and used involucral and subtending bracts for describing compound inflorescences. They used the term involucral bract in both cases, defined as the modified leaves subtending the inflorescence, but they changed the term for referring to the modified leaves subtending the pedicels between bracteoles and subtending bracts depending on the inflorescence type . However, the description of Bomarea trimorphophylla Harling & Neuendorf (2003: 62) included the term bracteole as a third category for describing a compound inflorescence; this species has involucral bracts, subtending bracts and bracteoles all in the same inflorescence. Also, for the descriptions of B. cornuta Herbert (1837: 114) , B. moritziana Klotzsch in Kunth (1850: 797) , and B. spissiflora , the term bractlet is mentioned but refers to the same feature as bracteole. In other revisions, Hofreiter stopped using these terms and only refers to bracts of primary flower and bracts of secondary flowers when describing thyrse-like or compound inflorescences (Hofreiter 2006, Hofreiter 2008 a , Hofreiter 2008b, Hofreiter & Tillich 2003 ). Similarly, Alzate-Guarín (2016) divided bract terminology into bract and bracteole. In this case, bracteole is used for every bract that is not involucral, like the use in Hofreiter’s revisions. Here, as an attempt to standardize bract terminology, we propose the use of involucral bracts for describing the modified leaves that subtend Bomarea inflorescences and bracteoles for the modified leaves along the pedicel. We avoid the use of “subtending” because it is ambiguous: involucral bracts subtend the inflorescence and bracteoles subtend the flowers.