Bioacoustics of Aspidistra shiwandashanensis

Distribution and ecology: — Aspidistra shiwandashanensis is currently only known from the type locality in Shiwandashan Natural Nature Reserve, Fangchenggang City and Dongxing county, in southern Guangxi , China . It grows on rocks along streams in secondary broadleaf forests at elevations about 400– 550 m . Similar species:— Aspidistra shiwandashanensis is similar to A. arnautovii subsp. catbaensis with leaves and flowers, but differs by perianth lobes ovate-lanceolate to narrow oblong (vs. triangular), internally purplish red to blackish purple (vs. blackish violet with yellow tips), stigma upper surface glabrous (vs. with fine radial grooves). The new species also close to A. arnautovii Tillich var. angustifolia L. Wu & Y.F. Huang in Wu et al. (2012: 321) , but can be easily distinguished by leaf blade narrow elliptic to oblong-lanceolate (vs. narrow lanceolate to nearly linear), 20–30 × 5–8 cm (vs. 20–53 × 1.2–2 cm ), perianth lobes internally purplish red to blackish purple (vs. blackish violet with yellow tips), stigma upper surface glabrous (vs. with fine radial grooves), lower surface with 8-ridged (vs. 24- ridged). Moreover, A. shiwandashanensis resembles A. punctatoides Yan Liu & C. R. Lin in Lin & Liu (2011: 189) and A. punctata Lindley (1826: 977) , However, the new species can be distinguished from them by its perianth lobes purplish red to blackish purple, glabrous, stigma upper surface purplish red (see Table 1 ). Additional specimens examined ( paratype ) :— CHINA . Guangxi , Guilin City , Botany Garden of Guilin , taken to cultivation from the type locality, 05 January 2018 , Chun-Rui Lin 1080 (cultivated plant collected from Fangchenggang City, Shiwandashan National Nature Reserve, 16 January 2016 , Shui-Song Mo) ; 25 November 2020 , Chun-Rui Lin 1366 (cultivated plant collected from Fangchenggang City , Fu-long Town , Pinglongshan Valley , 1 June 2016 , Yu-Song Huang) ; 12 February 2022 , Chun-Rui Lin 1445 (cultivated plant collected from Dongxing City , Ma-lu Town , Pingfeng village , 12 October 2018 , by Chun-Rui Lin and Zhao-Cen Lu) . A. shiwanshanensis A. punctatoides A. punctata Perianth Color purplish red to blackish purple pale yellow-green with numerous pale green and speckled with purplish small purple spots brown Adaxial base glabrous densely and minutely papillose densely and minutely papillose Stigma Color purplish red white adaxially, blackish purple white abaxially Adaxial surface slightly convex, glabrous truncate, densely papillate slightly convex, glabrous Margin slightly 4-lobed, lobes emarginate deep 3 or 4-lobed, lobes emarginate undulate 8-lobed, lobes denticulate at apex at apex at apex Pollen morphology:— The pollen grains are subspherical, inaperturate, pollen size is (28.94–) 33.68 (–37.65) × (28.24–) 30.01 (–32.94) μm ( Fig. 9A ). Pollen with gemmate exine, the prominent spores are nearly round, relatively large, similar in size and smooth in surface ( Fig. 9B ).